Urgently reveal longly hidden toxicant in a familiar fabrication process of biomass-derived environment carbon material

Biomass-derived N-doped carbon (BNC) is an important environmental material and widely used in the fields of water purification and soil remediation. However, the toxicant in the commonly used synthesis process of BNC materials have been largely ignored. Herein, we firstly report the presence of a highly toxic by-product (KCN) in the activation process of BNC materials consequential of the carbothermal reduction reaction. Because this carbothermal reduction reaction also regulates the N-doping and pore development of BNC materials, the KCN content directly relates with the properties of BNC material properties. Accordingly, a high KCN content (∽ 611 mg) can occur in the production process of per g BNC material with high specific surface area (∽ 3600 m²/g). Because the application performance of BNC material is determined by the surface area and available N doping, therefore, production of a BNC material with high performance entails high risk. Undoubtedly, this study proves a completely new risk recognition on a familiar synthesis process of biomass-based material. And, strict protective device should be taken in fabrication process of biomass-derived carbon material.     

Physicochemical characterization of forest and sugarcane leaf combustion's particulate matters using electron microscopy, EDS, XRD and TGA

Physical characteristics and quantitative elemental composition of PM and residual ash produced from sugarcane leaves (SCL) combustion were investigated using TEM-EDS compared with forest leaves (FRL). SEM-EDS was used to analyze the microstructure and chemical composition of biomass raw leaves and PM. XRD analysis was also performed to investigate the characterization of the crystalline nanostructure, structure of PM, and residual ash compared to the TEM image processing method. The oxidation kinetics of biomass raw materials, PM, and residual ash were investigated by TGA. The morphology of fine and ultrafine agglomerate structure of SCL soot and residual ash are not significantly different from the FRL soot and residual ash. The average diameter sizes of single primary nanoparticles of SCL and FRL soot are approximately 37 nm and 35 nm, while the sizes of residual ash are about 18 nm and 22 nm, respectively. The single primary nanoparticles of soot are mainly composed of curve line crystallites of carbon fringes, while residual ash is composed of straight-line lattice fringes. The average fringe lengths of SCL and FRL soot are about 1.25 nm and 1.04 nm from the outer shell and 0.89 nm and 0.74 nm from the inner core. The interlayer spacing of curve line carbon fringes of SCL and FRL soot is approximately 0.359 nm and 0.362 nm by the TEM image analysis and it was matched with XRD analysis. The biomass PMs are mainly composed of soot, Si, Ca, and K compounds: SiO₂, CaCO₃, and KCl.     

地铁内楼梯口处全尺寸火灾实验与数值模拟

建立了地铁实体模型，开展了地铁火灾实验研究，测量了站台与站厅之间的楼梯处的速度和温度等火灾参数。同时利用火灾动力学模拟程序软件对地铁站台火灾进行了数值模拟，研究了地铁站台和站厅连接楼梯处温度和烟气速度的变化趋势，并与实验结果作了对比分析，验证了数值模拟结果的有效性。研究结果可为有效控制烟气在地铁中的蔓延和组织人员疏散提供技术支持。     

Least cost electricity generation options based on environmental impact abatement

The power sector in Thailand is the largest contributor to CO₂ emissions. There is high potential to mitigate CO₂ emission via alternative power generating plants. Alternative plants considered in this study include nuclear plants, integrated gasification combined cycle plants, biomass-based plants and supercritical thermal power plants. The biomass-based plants considered here are fueled with four types of biomass; paddy husk, municipal solid waste (MSW), fuel wood and corncob. The methodology for the optimal expansion plan of the power generating system over the planning horizon is based on the least-cost approach. The results from the least-cost planning analyses show that the nuclear alternative has the highest potential to mitigate not only CO₂ but also other airborne emissions. Moreover, the nuclear option is the most effective abatement strategy for CO₂ reduction due to its negative incremental cost of CO₂ reduction.     

循环流化床锅炉结渣特性研究

循环流化床燃烧技术是近年来在国际上发展起来的新一代高效、低污染清洁燃烧技术,生物质燃料是具有广阔发展前景的新型燃料。本文通过循环流化床锅炉中混燃时的结渣问题进行了分析研究,并对解决发电厂锅炉结渣问题给出了相应的技术措施。     

基于改进GMM算法的林火烟雾识别研究

针对森林火灾烟雾场景光照突变时传统混合高斯模型(GMM)无法适应的问题,提出基于改进GMM的林火烟雾识别算法。通过六足机器人平台上的CCD摄像机读取当前帧图像,与混合高斯模型建立的前一个背景图像作差分得到变化区域,计算二值化后的变化区域中像素值为1的像素点占总像素点的比例,与设定的阈值相比较从而判别森林火灾场景中的光照是否发生突变。若场景内光照发生突变,采用一个较大的更新速率α,保持模型的稳定性;若场景内光照未发生突变,根据不同的情况自适应调整更新速率α的值,保证模型快速收敛。实验表明,改进的GMM算法可检测到场景中相对完整的动态烟雾区域,满足林火烟雾的检测要求,以期为图像处理在森林火灾巡检机器人上的应用和进一步研究提供参考。     

Effect of grazing on plant attributes and hydrological properties in the sloping lands of the East African highlands

Extending livestock grazing to the steep slopes has led to unstable grazing systems in the East African Highlands, and new solutions and approaches are needed to ameliorate the current situation. This work was aimed at studying the effect of livestock grazing on plant attributes and hydrological properties. The study was conducted from 1996 to 2000 at the International Livestock Research Institute at Debre Ziet Research Station. Two sites were selected: one at 0–4% slope, and the other at 4–8% slope. The treatments were: (1) no grazing (control); (2) light grazing, 0.6 animal unit months per hectare (aum/ha); (3) moderate grazing, 1.8 aum/ha; (4) heavy grazing, 3.0 aum/ha; (5) very heavy grazing, 4.2 aum/ha; (6) initially plowed and continuously very heavily grazed, 4.2 aum/ha. The result showed that species richness, infiltration rate, bare ground, and soil loss significantly varied with grazing pressure. Species richness was higher in grazed plots compared to nongrazed plots. Biomass yield improved on heavily grazed plots as cow dung accumulated over years. Cynodon dactylon plant species persisted with livestock grazing pressure in both sites. Infiltration rate improved and soil erosion declined in all treatments after the first year.     

Impact of Grazing on Plant Species Richness, Plant Biomass, Plant Attribute, and Soil Physical and Hydrological Properties of Vertisol in East African Highlands

Understanding the problems of grazing land in vertisol areas and seeking long-lasting solutions is the central point where mixed crop livestock is the second stay for the majority of the population. In order to understand this, the current study was conducted at two sites, one with 0–4% slope and the other with 4–8% slope at Ginchi watershed, 80 km west of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The specific objectives of the study were to quantify changes in plant species richness, biomass, plant cover, and soil physical and hydrological properties. The grazing regimes were: moderate grazing (regulated), heavy grazing (free grazing), and no grazing (closed to any grazing), which was considered the control treatment. The results showed that the biomass yield in nongrazed plots was higher than in the grazed plots. However, the biomass yield in grazed plots improved over the years. Species richness and percentage of dominant species attributes were better in medium grazed plots than the other treatments. Soil compaction was higher in very heavily grazed plots than in nongrazed and medium-grazed plots. In contrast to that, the soil water content and infiltration rate were better in nongrazed plots than in grazed plots. Soil loss in grazed plots decreased with the increase of biomass yields and as the soil was more compacted by livestock trampling during the wet season. Finally since the medium stocking rate is better in species richness and plant attributes, and lies between nongrazed and heavily grazed plots in the rest of the measured parameters, it could be the appropriate stocking rate to practice by the smallholder farmer.     

全尺寸隧道火灾实验研究与烟气逆流距离的理论预测

在建成的隧道中实施全尺寸火灾试验,得到隧道火灾自然通风模式下的烟气温度纵向变化数据和纵向蔓延情况。用OriginPro7.5软件对实验数据进行处理、拟合,得到3次实验的烟气逆流的顶棚射流温度随着离开火源距离纵向衰减规律,建立了计算烟气逆流距离的预测公式。根据隧道实体火灾实验的测量结果与理论模型的预测结果的对比,验证了理论模型的有效性,为市政公路隧道建设采用自然通风模式提供科学依据。     

论饮食业油烟治理技术的发展及应用

实际应用的饮食业油烟净化设备（以下简称油烟净化设备）中，以静电式、机械过滤式、湿式，以及由上述三种技术组成的复合式产品为主。荷电湿式油烟净化器的开发应用，将具有很强的市场竞争力，未来几年，静电式技术将继续被广泛采用，机械式技术将更多地作为预处理手段与其他技术组合使用，湿法技术因兼有部分除味和去除柴油灶燃烧颗粒的功能等特点将更有针对性地应用于适当的场所。优化组合而成的经济高效的复合式技术在未来市场中将占据主导地位。