欧盟黑碳监测现状及我国开展黑碳监测的建议

介绍了欧盟关于黑碳概念的定义及黑碳的来源和危害,着重从政策、技术、实践3个层面分析了欧盟黑碳监测的发展现状。借鉴欧盟的先进发展经验,对我国开展黑碳监测的必要性进行了分析,并提出了相关的发展建议。     

广州城区冬季黑碳气溶胶污染特征及其来源初探

于2007年12月至2008年2月利用黑碳(Aethalometer)和气体在线现测仪(Thermo 42i型二氧化硫、43i型氮氧化物争49i型臭氧分析仪)和MAWS自动气象站获得了大气细粒子中每5分钟黑碳气溶胶(BC)浓度,每1小时SO2、NO2、NO和O3浓度和风速、风向等气象因子观测数据.结果发现,黑碳日均值浓度值为10.5±7.7 μg/m3,浓度变化范围为2.7～34.8 μg/m3.非降雨期BC有相对明显的两个峰值和一个谷值;降雨期BC昼间呈单调上升,夜间呈单调降低.通过对BC与气体污染物相关性分析并结合城市污染源分布,发现BC的最主要来源是工业燃煤和机动车尾气排放.     

灰霾天气期间南京气溶胶的化学组成及光学特性研究

利用2013年6月—12月灰霾天气期间南京城郊气溶胶采样结果,研究气溶胶中水溶性离子的特征和相关性;结合同期城区的大气成分逐时观测资料,分析黑碳的日变化及其与气态污染物的关系;运用光学参量计算模型(OPAC)和辐射传输模型(TUV)研究气溶胶的光学特性及辐射强迫。结果表明:发生灰霾天气时南京城郊主要大气污染物是细颗粒,其中SO2-4与NO-3是最主要的水溶性无机盐离子,NO-3/SO2-4质量比较高,呈现硫酸盐和硝酸盐混合型污染特征。黑碳浓度具有明显的日变化特征,呈双峰型结构。灰霾期间硫酸盐气溶胶在大气层顶和地面造成的平均辐射强迫分别为-10.6 W/m2和-10.8 W/m2,黑碳气溶胶在正午大气层顶和地面造成的平均辐射强迫分别为9.12 W/m2和-29.77 W/m2。     

Occurrence of coal and coal-derived particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a river floodplain soil

A PAH contaminated river floodplain soil was separated according to grain size and density. Coal and coal-derived particles from coal mining, coal industry and coal transportation activities were identified by organic petrographic analysis in our samples. Distinct concentrations of PAHs were found in different grain size and density fractions, however, similar distribution patterns of PAHs indicated similar sources. In addition, although light fractions had the mass fraction by weight of less than 5%, they contributed almost 75% of the total PAHs in the soil. PAH concentrations of all sub fractions showed positive correlation with their TOC contents. Altogether, coal and coal-derived particles that were abundant in light fractions could be the dominant geosorbents for PAHs in our samples.     

超滤法从造纸黑液中提取木质素制备活性炭

应用超滤技术从造纸黑液中提取木质素制备活性炭是黑液综合治理的一条新途径，且适合于中、小型造纸厂。经超滤处理过的黑液，ＣＯＤ去除率达到６０％－６５％，ＢＯＤ５去除率达到８０％以上。黑液中木质素提取率达到８０％－８５％，由木质素制成的活性炭得率高，吸附容量大，其主要技术指标均优于沪Ｑ／ＨＧ１１－２２４－８７的标准。     

桂林毛村岩溶区三种亚类石灰土有机碳矿化研究

应用土壤培养法,比较分析了桂林毛村典型岩溶区黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土、红色石灰土三种亚类石灰土在25℃和70%田间饱和含水量条件下培养90d有机碳矿化速率的差异。结果显示:各亚类土壤有机碳矿化速率和累积释放CO2-C量总体上都随土层加深而递减。0～20cm至20～40cm层递减幅度最大。各亚类石灰土有机碳矿化速率和累计释放量的大小顺序为:黑色石灰土>棕色石灰土>红色石灰土,黑色石灰土的矿化速率远远大于棕色石灰土和红色石灰土,其中0～20cm土层差异最大。土壤有机碳矿化速率和有机碳含量呈正相关。黑色石灰土土壤有机碳矿化释放的CO2-C分配比例最高,达到3.33%,其次是红色石灰土,比例为2.92%,旱地棕色石灰土矿化比例最低,为1.90%,说明桂林毛村典型岩溶区黑色石灰土和红色石灰土有机碳稳定性较弱,旱地棕色石灰土具有较强的固定有机碳能力。     

白腐菌处理造纸黑液工艺研究

研究了白腐菌变异前后对木质素降解效果及脱色率的影响，探索了水解酸化结合白腐菌挂膜工艺处理造纸黑液的可行性。     

贵州开阳地区富硒地层及风化土壤地球化学特征

通过对开阳地层和土壤调查,发现灯影组、牛蹄塘组等地层富集硒元素,由其风化而来的土壤也富硒。富硒地层同时还富集Mo、As、Cd、Sb、Ba、Co、Ni、Tl、V、Zn等元素,而相对缺Ag、Bi、Cr、Ga、Rb、Sr、Ta、Zr等元素;富硒地层风化形成的土壤中As、Ba、Cd、Co、Mo、Ni、Sb、Se、Tl等元素对基岩有明显的继承而富集;Pb元素则在基岩风化过程中流失而亏损;Cu、Sc、V、Zn元素在基岩风化后明显富集;而Ni、Co、Cd则具有对基岩的继承和后期风化富集的双重特征。研究表明该地区硒的富集是热水沉积、深部物质沿白马洞深大断裂迁移、热卤水的迁移混合,铀矿化以及大量硫化物的存在共同作用的结果。开阳富硒地层及风化土壤中稀土元素总量∑REE为66.61～609.13×10-6,LREE/HREE比值为1.17～5.40,(La/Yb)N=5.08～15.72>1,REE分布模式为右倾型,轻稀土段右倾明显,(La/Sm)N=1.43～7.44>1,为LREE富集型,重稀土段则相对平缓,(Tb/Yb)N=1.01～2.39。通过对微量、稀土元素的分析表明,富硒的黑色岩系形成于缺氧条件下的低温热水沉积环境。     

Sediment Parameters of Northwest Black Sea Shelf and Slope: Implications for Transport of Heavy Metals and Radionuclides

In June 1990, sediment cores were obtained from several locations in the Northwest Black Sea shelf and slope by a joint US/USSR scientific team aboard the survey vessel R/V VODYANITSKY. the goal of this investigation was to determine the distribution and levels of radioactivity resulting from the Chernobyl 1986 nuclear accident. the sediment was characterized for texture, mineral composition, redox state, heavy metals, and radionuclides. Correlations emerging from these data reveal paths of dispersal and transport of materials from river sources to deposition sites on the shelf and slope. Kaolinite in the clay mineral suite clearly reflects a dispersal pattern originating in the Danube River and progressing in an easterly direction across the shelf. Sand-size gypsum and the elemental heavy metals Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb (probable industrial source) as well as the elements Al and Mg (probable terrigenous source) also show a dispersal pattern from the Danube station location in an easterly direction across the shelf. the dispersal direction indicated by these materials is not in conflict with recent existing notions concerning the hydrology of the Northwest Black Sea. Barium anomalies at a midshelf location may be related to operations in the Lebada oil fields situated updrift. Heavy mineral dispersal reflect the Danube and -Crimean Provinces established for the shelf and relate to terrestrial source areas. in addition, the heavy mineral monazite correlates with the radioactive Th 232 found most abundantly in the Crimean Province. Local anomalies of Mn, Fe and U in the sediment at station locations are related to redox (Eh) conditions and other factors. Cs^134/137 data, reported by Curtis and Broadway (1991), correspond to transport and dispersal patterns implicit in the mineralogic, anthropogenic indicators, and sediment characteristics of the study area.     

两种填料在曝气生物滤池中处理生活污水的对比研究

在上流式曝气生物滤池中,使用不规则形状页岩及球形粘土陶作填料处理生活污水,在相同工艺条件下,比较了它们对污水的处理效果,采用两种填料的单级滤池出水,主要水质指标(CODer,SS)达到国家排放标准,而NH3-N要达标排放需在二级滤池中进一步处理.