上澳塘水体微型动物的变化及指示作用

作为水生生态系统中重要的生物组分之一,微型动物的存在与水环境状况密切相关。在以美国Probiotic Solutions公司开发的促生产品Bio-Energizer对上澳塘进行生物修复试验的过程中,发现水体中的微型动物具有从少到多,从低等到高等的变化趋势,而上澳塘水体已基本消除黑臭。     

混合菌群FF降解染料效果及生物毒性变化

利用混合菌群FF降解偶氮染料活性黑5和蒽醌染料活性蓝19,通过检测一些常规指标,如脱色率、DOC(溶解性有机碳)去除率、UV254、比紫外吸收值SUVA(UV254/DOC)等来表征降解效果,进一步通过固相萃取方法进行前处理,采用SOS/umu(又称umu试验)和双杂交酵母法分别检测染料降解过程中遗传毒性和抗雌激素活性。结果表明,采用混合菌群FF,活性黑5和活性蓝19(150 mg/L)在35℃和p H=8.0条件下静置培养48 h后脱色率分别为82.5%和89.2%;DOC去除率低,分别为19.5%和13.0%;降解后UV254和SUVA均增加。遗传毒性检测表明,活性黑5本身无遗传毒性,降解过程中也无遗传毒性;活性蓝19本身无遗传毒性,降解24 h、48 h后在高浓缩倍数下出现遗传毒性。随着降解的进行,活性黑5和活性蓝19的抗雌激素活性均显著增加。     

长期低强度曝气技术处理黑臭水体的可行性研究

为在保持曝气复氧技术优点的同时,通过控制曝气强度以节约曝气能耗,较大幅度地降低运行成本,拓展其应用范围,提出了1种长期低强度曝气处理黑臭水体的河道复氧技术。取用上海市徐汇区新港河水为实验用水,通过长期低强度曝气与连续曝气,间歇曝气的比较实验,结果表明,低强度曝气技术消除河道黑臭是完全可行的,同时还能有效去除水体污染负荷。实验中,氨氮去除率90%以上时,低强度曝气所消耗能源仅为连续曝气的10.52%和间歇曝气的25%,可节约大量的能源。     

4种草本植物对油页岩矿渣土中铅镉的吸收特性比较试验研究

在广东茂名地区油页岩矿渣土的小区试验表明 :香根草、杂交狼尾草、百喜草、钝叶草中铅、镉的浓度与分布均不相同 ,一般为根系浓度大于茎叶。施肥能使植物体内重金属元素浓度下降 ,但由于生物量增加 ,单位面积吸收量反而可能增大。因此 ,在选择净化土壤重金属的植物时 ,不仅要考虑吸收能力强弱 ,而且更要考虑生物量大小。     

Testing the resistance of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes to chemothermal oxidation used to isolate soots from environmental samples

Quantification of natural and engineered carbon nanotubes (CNT) in the environment is urgently needed to study their occurrence and fate and to enable a proper risk assessment. Currently, such methods are lacking. Here, we tested the resistance of 15 structurally different CNTs to chemothermal oxidation at 375 °C (CTO-375), a method used to isolate soots from environmental samples. Depending on their structure, CNTs survived CTO-375 in proportions ranging from 26 to 93%. Standard addition of CNTs to soil and sediment yielded recoveries between 66 and 171%, demonstrating the capability of CTO-375 to isolate CNTs from complex environmental matrices. These data of pure and added CNTs correspond to recoveries obtained with “ordinary” soots under similar experimental conditions. Hence, soot fractions commonly isolated with CTO-375 from environmental matrices most probably encompass CNTs. Future work should attempt to enhance the method's selectivity, i.e., its capability to separate CNTs from other forms of soot.     

Black carbon (BC) in urban and surrounding rural soils of Beijing, China: spatial distribution and relationship with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

The concentrations of black carbon (BC), total organic carbon (TOC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been determined in soils from urban and rural areas of Beijing. The rural area can be divided into plain and mountainous areas which are close to and relatively far from the urban area, respectively. Concentration of BC (5.83 ± 3.05 mg g⁻¹) and BC/TOC concentration ratio (0.37 ± 0.15) in Beijing’s urban soil are high compared with that in world background soils and rural soils of Beijing, suggesting the urban environment to be an essential source and sink of BC. Concentration of BC in the urban area decreases from the inner city to exterior areas, which correlates with the urbanization history of Beijing and infers accumulation of BC in old urban soils. Black carbon in Beijing soils mainly comes from fossil fuel combustion, especially traffic emission. Median PAH concentration in the urban area (502 ng g⁻¹) is one order of magnitude higher than that in the rural plain (148 ng g⁻¹) and mountainous area (146 ng g⁻¹) where PAHs are supposed to mainly come from atmospheric deposition from the urban area. Concentrations of BC correlate significantly with those of PAHs (p < 0.01, except naphthalene) in the urban area and with those of heavier 4-, 5- and 6- ring PAHs (p < 0.01) in the adjacent rural plain area, while there is no significant correlation with any PAH in the farther rural mountainous area.     

Halogenated persistent organic pollutants in deep water fish from waters to the west of Scotland

Halogenated persistent organic pollutants [polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)] along with total lipid, were measured in the liver and muscle of three species of deep water fish (black scabbard, black dogfish (liver only) and roundnose grenadier) collected from the Rockall fishing area, to the west of Scotland, between 2006 and 2008. Both contaminant groups were detected in the muscle and liver, with concentrations of PCBs being higher than PBDEs. There were no significant differences in the PCB or PBDE concentrations between the three species, or different sampling locations in the Rockall fishing area. PCB concentrations (ΣICES (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea)7 PCBs) greater than 500 μg kg⁻¹ lipid weight were found in 26 of the 106 liver samples. PCB concentrations were compared to OSPAR assessment criteria, concentrations were above background but below Environmental Assessment Criteria. Estimated Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) concentrations, calculated using published models, in the fish muscle and liver indicated that consumption of deep water fish is unlikely to represent a risk to human health. The high squalene content in some of the black dogfish liver necessitated an additional clean-up step, involving gel permeation chromatography, when analyzing for PBDEs. Concentrations of PBDEs were low with many congeners being below detection limits, particularly in the muscle. There are currently no assessment criteria available for PBDEs. Furthermore, there is only very limited data on PBDEs in deep water fish. However, the concentrations observed in this study were similar to the concentrations recently reported in Mediterranean deep water fish.     

油页岩干馏炼油环境风险评价研究

以某油页岩干馏炼油项目为实例,进行了环境空气的定量环境风险评价,包括环境风险识别、源项分析、后果计算、风险计算和评价、风险管理等主要内容,提出了环境风险评价的重点,指出了环境风险评价与安全评价各自的侧重点,对后果计算的应用和物质风险识别采用的标准等方面提出了相应意见。     

常州城区秋冬季黑炭气溶胶的浓度变化特征

根据常州市2012年9月-2013年1月的黑炭气溶胶（Black Carbon,以下简称BC）在线监测数据及常规气象资料,分析了BC在秋冬季不同时间段的变化特征及气象要素对BC的影响。结果表明,常州秋冬季BC平均值为5．17（1．48～17．02）μg／m^3,主要集中在1．00斗μg／m^3～7．50μg／m^3,冬季较高于秋季,小时均值最大值达33．87μg／m^3;BC本底值为3．50μg／m^3;1月份BC日均值变化幅度最大,发生高污染的频率最高。Bc的日变化具有明显的双峰结构,一天中最大浓度多出现在上午06：00-09：00,特殊天气条件下,BC小时值存在不同的分布情况;BC在不同风向的输送条件下有明显的不同,偏东北方向过来的气团易造成BC高污染。     

页岩气开发中应关注的环境问题

我国页岩气开发处于探索阶段,具有资源赋存情况不清楚、水平井及分段压裂等关键技术有待突破、页岩气富集区地形条件复杂、地面建设条件较差、资源管理机制不完善等特点。对于页岩气开发这一新兴产业,在开发过程中需要关注生态影响、水资源消耗及环境风险等环境问题,并应尽快开展相关工作的研究,制定评价标准、导则、污染防治技术政策等相关文件,以规范页岩气开发的环保工作。