油母页岩干馏煤气脱硫工艺的选择

针对页岩炼油厂生产工艺和二氧化硫的产生量，提出了煤气干法和湿法脱硫工艺，并对这两种工艺在原理和适用性方面进行了对比，认为湿法脱硫更适合于该厂的实际情况，经对湿法脱硫的投资费用进行的估算结果显示，该厂采用湿法脱硫技术将会带来明显的环境效益和社会效益。     

Are the Curative Properties of ‘Black Mud’ from the Dead Sea Due to the Presence of Bitumen (Asphalt) or Other Types of Organic Matter?

Deep black clayey sediments of the Dead Sea, previously covered with water at times of higher sea level, are being mined for therapeutic purposes and for the preparation of cosmetic products under the name Black Mud. It was claimed that the beneficial properties are due to the presence of bitumen (asphalt) as attested by the colour. Less commonly, the curative properties have been ascribed to humic acids or to organic matter derived from algae in the lake. Asphalt from the Dead Sea has been of major economic importance to the region and was used as a medication for 2000 years until the mid-20th century. Geochemical analysis of the Black Mud showed that it contains relatively little organic matter (ca. 0.6–0.8% organic carbon) and that the organic matter is mostly derived from the land masses surrounding the lake. Asphalt was totally absent and the concentration of humic acids very low. The black colour of the mud is rather due to the poorly crystallised iron sulphides. Based on this, the therapeutic properties of the mud are ascribed to its content of reduced sulphur species, its physical and chemical properties and possibly its brine content, but not to the presence of organic matter.     

上澳塘水体微型动物的变化及指示作用

作为水生生态系统中重要的生物组分之一,微型动物的存在与水环境状况密切相关。在以美国Probiotic Solutions公司开发的促生产品Bio-Energizer对上澳塘进行生物修复试验的过程中,发现水体中的微型动物具有从少到多,从低等到高等的变化趋势,而上澳塘水体已基本消除黑臭。     

Nest-Site Selection by Black Sparrowhawks Accipiter melanoleucus: Implications for Managing Exotic Pulpwood and Sawlog Forests in South Africa

This study provides timber growers with silvicultural guidelines for establishing and maintaining nest-tree habitat for native black sparrowhawks (Accipiter melanoleucus) in commercial planted forests in South Africa. In this country, exotic eucalypts and pines are planted principally for pulpwood and sawlog production. Nineteen nests were sampled in indigenous forests and 58 nests in exotic forests. Although mean nest heights differed between indigenous and exotic trees, in all trees, nests were positioned, on average, at 64% of tree height. Black sparrowhawks nested near stand edges, probably seeking a compromise between nesting adjacent to open hunting habitat and selecting an insulated tree from within the forest. Black sparrowhawks nested in tall trees ( X- = 18-33 m for different tree species classes) with a large diameter (>60 cm). Unfortunately, the South African pulpwood and sawlog industry employ short rotations (<16 years) and high tree densities (>700 trees/ha) that do not allow the trees to attain the characteristics suitable for black sparrowhawk nesting sites. Eucalypt and pine nest stands must be of 25 x 25 m minimum size and incorporate 10 trees at minimum heights of 21 and 18 m and diameters of 37 and 35 cm, respectively. If such nest-tree stands are set aside as islands in a sea of commercial forests, and black sparrowhawks and other forest raptors nest in them, timber growers will improve the tree-nesting raptor diversity of planted forests. If, however, these raptors prey upon species of conservation importance, the management recommendations could be reversed to limit the potential for predation.     

北京地区不同尺度气溶胶中黑碳含量的观测研究

2003年7月、8月以及11月至2004年1月,在北京大学物理楼顶(北纬39 99°,东经116 31°)使用两台黑碳仪(Aethalometer)和一台TEOM1400a(TaperedElementOscillatingMicrobalance)来观测气溶胶.得到夏季黑碳的平均浓度为8 800μg·m-3,冬季为11 400μg·m-3.在冬季的观测中,在一台黑碳仪的进气口加上不同的切割头,分别得到了全部气溶胶(TSP)、PM10以及PM2 5中的黑碳质量浓度.结果表明,北京冬季的气溶胶中,90%的黑碳存在于PM10中,82 6%的黑碳存在于PM2 5中.比较PM10的浓度和PM10中黑碳的浓度可以看出,PM10中黑碳质量平均占5 11%.     

基于均匀设计的响应面优化油页岩吸附铜离子的研究

采用均匀设计与响应面优化确定了油页岩吸附水中Cu2+的最优条件。以吸附率为主要指标进行研究,通过对5个因素的混合水平均匀设计实验结果进行逐步回归分析其通径系数,确定影响吸附率的3个主要因素为pH值、吸附剂投加量和反应时间,并根据极大值确定其取值范围。然后通过响应面优化实验,分析并建立多项式回归方程,方差分析表明其失拟不显著而回归显著,模型预测结果与实验结果高度吻合。响应面优化确定吸附的最佳条件为pH=6,吸附剂投加量为6.88 g/L,反应时间为68.24min,预测吸附率为96.42%。在此条件下,实测Cu2+的吸附率达95.1%。     

Transport of pollutants in two estuarine systems on the coast of Georgia

The aim of the present study was to examine the distribution of pollutants in two coastal systems in Georgia: (1) Kubitskali river which flows into the Black sea through the city of Batumi and is polluted mainly from the effluents of an oil refinery; (2) Paliastomi lake, which is a shallow water body at the south-east of the city of Poti. During 2000–2001, two samplings took place in each system, one in the low-flow period and one in the high-flow period. During these samplings, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity were measured in situ, whereas water samples were collected for the analysis of trace metals, nutrients, and organic pollutants with standard methods. The results of the measurements indicate the significant pollution of both systems by ammonia and in the case of Kubitskali River also by oil products. The need for a sustainable management plan of the activities taking place in the river basin is urgent.     

Partitioning of Cs-137 Between Sediment and Water From the Black Sea

Abstract

As part of a joint USA/USSR Environmental Agreement to determine the distribution and concentration of Chernobyl radioactivity in the northwest Black Sea area, the sediment from eight stations was collected and analyzed to assess the ability of this material to adsorb radiocaesium. Batch tests were conducted in which Cs-137 tracer was added to mixtures of sediment and bottom water, with contact solutions ranging from 85 Bq ml^?1 to 1,760 Bq ml^?1. This work was done in an argon atmosphere at 9.5°C, which is the average temperature of the sediment. Isotherms were linear for all cores and distribution ratios (R_D) calculated from the slopes of the isotherms ranged from 660 to 1,660 ml g^?1. These isotherms fit a simplified Freundlich isotherm. Correlations of R_D to a number of sediment parameters describing texture and mineralogy were determined. A close relationship was observed between R_D for caesium and the percentage of illite contained in the samples.     

Levels of heavy metals in blue whiting caught from the eastern Black Sea area of Turkey

This paper presents data on the concentrations of 5 metals, copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in Blue Whiting sampled from the Eastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. The highest metal concentrations of Cu, Cd, Fe, Zn and Pb were recorded in Blue Whiting with the values of 2.71, 0.601, 14.137, 15.322 and 1.078 μg g^‐1 dry weight, respectively. On average the metal concentrations in Blue Whiting followed the order of Zn > Fe > Cu > Pb > Cd. Temporal differences of concentrations of these metals were significant (p < 0.05). Spatial fluctuations of Cu, Cd, Fe, Zn and Pb concentrations in Blue Whiting were also significant (p < 0.01). It was found that the concentrations of Cu, Cd, Fe, Zn and Pb in the muscle in Blue Whiting were below the limit of Public Health Regulation in Turkey.     

油页岩利用过程粉尘爆炸研究现状及趋势分析

在石油资源日益紧张的形势下,我国油页岩资源的开发利用正得到前所未有的重视,但其利用过程潜在的粉尘爆炸危险性并未引起关注。对国内外有关油页岩粉尘着火、爆炸的文献进行了综述,约旦学者对油页岩粉尘爆炸下限、着火温度及惰化粉尘对下限的影响进行了持续性的研究。国内学者多涉及油页岩利用工艺的研究,只注重页岩油蒸气的爆炸风险,多采用经验公式的方法进行分析,具有较大的局限性。根据爆炸风险控制原理,提出了油页岩粉尘防爆安全需要进一步进行的基础研究工作,突出了加强油页岩粉尘和蒸气杂混物爆炸机理研究的重要性。