Preliminary Caesium Data From A Cooperative Us/Ussr Monitoring Survey for Chernobyl Radioactivity in the Black Sea

In June 1990, scientists from the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Radiation Programs (ORP), and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), travelled to Sevastopol in the Soviet Union to work with radioecologists and marine scientists from the USSR Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas (IBSS). the purpose of this cooperative programme was to conduct a monitoring survey for radioactivity in the northwestern Black Sea. Samples of sediment, surface and in-situ water, and biota were collected from fourteen stations for post-survey radionuclide analyses to determine levels of radioactivity in the Black Sea environment resulting from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant explosion and subsequent transport of radioactivity via the Dnepr and Danube rivers. This paper presents the preliminary data for caesium-137 and caesium-134 in sediment samples analyzed by the EPA/ORP. Caesium-137 was measured at four shallow (20-114 m) stations on the shelf near the mouth of the Dnepr and Danube Rivers, but was not detected in sediments from comparable depths at stations further off shore or in slope sediments at depths of 510-1288 meters. Caesium-134 was detected only in sediments from the shallow-water station nearest to the Danube River.     

Effects of Soil Conditions on Survival and Growth of Black Willow Cuttings

Current streambank restoration efforts focus on providing bank stability, enhancing water quality, and improving woody habitat using native vegetation rather than traditional engineering techniques. However, in most cases harsh site conditions limit restoration success. A two-year field study was conducted at Twentymile Creek, in northern Mississippi, investigating edaphic factors governing the survival of black willow (Salix nigra) cuttings used for streambank restoration. Low height growth, above-ground biomass production, and average leaf area were observed in willow cuttings grown in plots subjected to moisture deficits. However, sediment texture emerged as the dominant factor determining willow post growth, health, and survival. Shoot biomass, leaf biomass, and total above-ground biomass were 15-, 10-, and 14-fold greater for large willow cuttings (posts) grown in plots with sandy sediments relative to those grown in plots with similar moisture and soil redox potential but with silt and clay sediments. Average leaf size, average leaf mass and specific leaf area were all lower in fine textured plots. Under moisture conditions present at our sites, coarse-grained sediment (sand) was more conducive to willow growth, biomass production, and survival than were fine-grained sediments (silt/clay). Our results strongly suggest that soil texture and moisture conditions can determine restoration success. Therefore, it is critical that site conditions are factored into the selection of project locations prior to the initiation of willow planting restoration projects.     

Evaluation of Air Quality over the Black Sea: Major Ionic Composition of Rainwater

This article attempts to put the light on the air quality of the Black Sea region of Turkey. In addition to that, it endeavors to locate the possible sources of the different pollutants at local, regional and long range transported scales. About 196 rainwater samples were collected over the Black Sea region of Amasra between 1995 and 1999, and analyzed for major ions and trace elements using spectrophotometric techniques. Andersen wet only rain samples were used to collect rain events, where the rain sample was filtered inline using 0.45 m cellulose acetate filters. Major anions (SO₄ ^2-, NO₃ ^- and Cl^-) were determined using ion chromatography, whereas metals (Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Na, K), werequantified using ICP-AES. This study shows that, the Black Sea region receives different amounts and types of anthropogenic pollutants via long-range transport according to trajectory models. Although the pH of rain water is not considered acidic (pH = 5.21) yet the neutralizing species are lower than other sites around Europe.     

Predicting mosaics and wildlife diversity resulting from fire disturbance to a forest ecosystem

A model for predicting community mosaics and wildlife diversity resulting from fire disturbance to a forest ecosystem is presented. It applies an algorithm that delineates the size and shape of each patch from grid-based input data and calculates standard diversity measures for the entire mosaic of community patches and their included animal species. The user can print these diversity calculations, maps of the current community-type-age-class mosaic, and maps of habitat utilization by each animal species. Furthermore, the user can print estimates of changes in each resulting from natural disturbance. Although data and resolution level independent, the model is demonstrated and tested with data from the Lewis and Clark National Forest in Montana.     

UV/Fenton反应对直接黑38的脱色与矿化

为了研究过程参数对photo-Fenton法降解偶氮染料直接黑38人工废水的影响,进行了实验室规模的UV/Fenton反应光催化降解染料直接黑38的研究。在一定的时间段内检测水溶液直接黑38的UV吸光度、总有机碳(TOC)浓度的变化,确定了直接黑38废水的降解速度。以单因素实验方法确定了pH值、[Fe2+]、[H2O2]比例及其初始浓度对降解速度的影响。实验结果表明,在pH为3,染料浓度为30mg/L,[Fe2+]/[H2O2]比例1:100,[Fe2+]=0.12mmol/L,[H2O2]=12mmol/L条件下,UV/Fenton方法能在50min内使染料脱色率达90%,使TOC的去除率达到57%。实验证明了photo-Fenton法对于含有偶氮染料废水的脱色与矿化具有很好的应用前景。     

基于生命周期评价的页岩气开采返排-产出水处理技术选择

为探究页岩气开采废水(即返排-产出水)处理技术对环境生态的影响,针对页岩气开采废水的处理后内部回用以及达标排放两种管理模式,结合生命周期评价的理念,运用Simapro分析工具,创建LCA模型,对典型处理技术进行清单分析,评估处理技术中的资源、能源消耗和环境负荷,量化分析其对人群健康、生态环境质量和资源方面的影响,建立一种页岩气开采返排-产出水处理技术选择的评价方法.同时,以国内某页岩气田产出水处理工程为例,评估所选用处理技术的潜在环境影响.结果表明,内部回用模式下选用的混凝-絮凝处理技术对环境生态影响最小;达标排放模式下针对有机物去除,选用铁电极的电絮凝技术或曝气生物滤池对环境生态的影响较小.对于较低含盐量的开采废水的脱盐,选用的脱盐技术正渗透对环境的影响比反渗透小,但反渗透的脱盐效果更好.对于较高含盐量开采废水的脱盐,选用的多效蒸发-机械蒸汽再压缩技术对环境生态的影响较小.     

黄土丘陵区刺槐林深层土壤有机碳矿化特征初探

土壤剖面100 cm以下的深层土壤有机碳储量在土壤碳储量中占有很大比例,研究深层土壤有机碳矿化特征以揭示其稳定性,可为深层土壤碳汇认证提供依据.本文以浅层土壤(0～100 cm)为对照,模拟深层土壤温度和水分条件(温度15℃、土壤含水量8%),研究了黄土丘陵区刺槐林深层土壤(100～400 cm)有机碳矿化特征.结果表明:①土壤有机碳总矿化量随着土壤深度增加呈下降趋势,亚深层(100～200 cm)、深层(200～400 cm)有机碳总矿化量分别占浅层(0～100 cm)土壤总矿化量的88.1%和67.8%;②亚深层、深层与浅层土壤有机碳矿化过程相似,分为3个阶段.快速分解阶段:亚深层、深层(0～10 d)的矿化量占总矿化量的比值约为浅层(0～17 d)的50%;缓慢分解阶段:亚深层、深层(11～45 d)的矿化量占总矿化量的比值约为浅层(18～45 d)的150%;相对稳定阶段:3个层次(46～62 d)矿化量占总矿化量的比值无明显差异.③浅层、亚深层、深层土壤有机碳矿化率差异不显著(P>0.05),有机碳稳定性基本一致.研究结果反映了深层土壤有机碳也参与土壤碳循环,在评估黄土丘陵区土壤固碳效应时应充分考虑深层土壤有机碳的变化.     

Development of natural treatment system consisting of black soil and Kentucky bluegrass for the post-treatment of anaerobically digested strong wastewater

To develop a sound post-treatment process for anaerobically-digested strong wastewater,a novel natural treatment system comprising two units is put forward.The first unit,a trickling filter,provides for further reduction of biochemical oxygen demand and adjustable nitrification.The subsequent soil–plant unit aims at removing and recovering the nutrients nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P)and potassium(K).As a lab-scale feasibility study,a soil column test was conducted,in which black soil and valuable Kentucky bluegrass were integrated to treat artificial nutrient-enriched wastewater.After a long-term operation,the nitrification function was well established in the top layers,despite the need for an improved denitrification process prior to discharge.P and K were retained by the soil through distinct mechanisms.Since they either partially or totally remained in plant-available forms in the soil,indirect nutrient reuse could be achieved.As for Kentucky bluegrass,it displayed better growth status when receiving wastewater,with direct recovery of 8%,6% and 14% of input N,P and K,respectively.Furthermore,the indispensable role of Kentucky bluegrass for better treatment performance was proved,as it enhanced the cell-specific nitrification potential of the soil nitrifying microorganisms inhabiting the rhizosphere.After further upgrade,the proposed system is expected to become a new solution for strong wastewater pollution.     

麦草低污染制浆新技术

麦草低污染制浆新工艺采用亚硫酸钠-甲醛-蒽醌（加入少量催化剂）制浆（SFP-AQ法）,生产吨浆的COD排放总量下降30％,色度下降60％,悬浮物总量下降50％,制浆黑液的pH值下降至7～8。采用该新工艺同时还可产生表面活性好、便于利用的木素磺酸钠和其他产品,使纤维资源得到综合利用,为解决中小型草浆造纸厂的污染问题提供一条有效途径。j     

不同酸对造纸黑液酸析效果的研究

采用酸析法从造纸黑液中分离木质素,同时去除部分COD和色度,从而完成对黑液的初步处理。实验研究了酸析的最佳pH值,并将硫酸、硝酸、盐酸、磷酸、甲酸和草酸作为酸析剂,分析其分别对黑液色度、COD的去除效果及对木质素提取的影响。介绍了通过快速消解分光光度法来测定COD值,和用分光光度法测定色度值,分别建立COD值和色度对吸光度的工作曲线,使测量更加方便高效快捷,其精确度和准确度都能符合分析方法要求。实验结果表明,酸析效果较好的pH取值范围为2～4,考虑用酸的经济性和处理效果,选择pH=3作为最佳酸析条件;经过对酸析过程规律和原因的分析可得,硫酸、硝酸和磷酸对黑液处理效果较为理想,其中硫酸因其经济性被选为最佳,其色度、COD去除率分别为97.9%和66.1%,木质素的析出量为8.65 g/L。