活性炭纤维电极法处理草浆造纸黑液的应用研究

用活性炭纤维（ＡＣＦ）电极法和酸析、凝聚处理加电极组合方法，对造纸黑液进行处理。结果表明，电极法处理黑液，ＣＯＤｃｒ、色度去除率分别达６４．２５％和９４％；“酸化＋电解（４５ｍｉｎ）＋Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂”的综合治理方法效果较好，ＣＯＤｃｒ、色度去除率分别达９４．２％和９９．６％，出水近乎清澈透明。     

Comparison of Black Carbon,Total Organic Carbon,and PAH Concentrations in Surface Sediments from Two Main Rivers in Henan Province,China

Black carbon (BC) in surface sediments from Henan section of Yellow River and Huaihe River, China, was determined. Average content of BC in Huaihe River was 0.33%, higher than that in Yellow River (n?=?23) with mean value of 0.15%. Distribution patterns of BC in Yellow River and Huaihe River were similar, namely that tributaries had higher BC content than main stream. In addition, BC content in the mainstream of Yellow River and Huaihe River decreased with altitude. The BC content presented a significant positive correlation with clay (r?=?0.672; p?<?0.01) content in Yellow River, while neither did in Huaihe River. The ratio of BC/TOC ranged from 1.8–57.4% (median 29.6%), evidencing pyrogenic fossil fuel source of BC in Yellow River. Relatively low values of BC/TOC in Huaihe River (5.3%–28.8%, median 7.5%,) reflected that the origin of BC is from burning of biomass. In addition, Pearson rank correlation analysis showed that BC was in strong correlation with lighter PAH in Yellow River, while BC was in significant correlation with heavier PAH in Huaihe River. The ratio of BC/TOC indicated that BC in Yellow River mainly came from fossil fuel combustion, while BC in Huaihe River was primarily from biomass burning.     

Characterization particulate matter from several Chinese cooking dishes and implications in health effects

Cooking fume produced by oil and food at a high temperature releases large amount of fine particulate matter(PM) which have a potential hazard to human health. This chamber study investigated particle emission characteristics originated from using four types of oil(soybean oil, olive oil, peanut oil and lard) and different kinds of food materials(meat and vegetable). The corresponding emission factors(EFs) of number, mass, surface area and volume for particles were discussed. Temporal variation of size-fractionated particle concentration showed that olive oil produced the highest number PM concentration for the entire cooking process. Multiple path particle dosimetry(MPPD) model was performed to predict deposition in the human respiratory tract. Results showed that the pulmonary airway deposition fraction was the largest. It was also found that particles produced from olive oil led to the highest deposition. We strongly recommend minimizing the moisture content of ingredients before cooking and giving priority to the use of peanut oil instead of olive oil to reduce human exposure to PM.     

活性黑KN-B染料的生物降解研究

通过试验考察了厌氧条件下活性黑KN-B的生物降解历程,同时对染料的降解动力学及降解机理进行了初步探讨与分析。结果表明:厌氧颗粒污泥可以单独降解活性黑KN-B(以活性黑为单一碳源时,活性黑KN-B的24降解率为43.1%),也可以在以葡萄糖为共基质条件下降解活性黑KN-B;以活性黑KN-B为单一碳源时其降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程,而以葡萄糖为共基质时其降解过程符合二级反应动力学方程;对降解前和降解24h后的降解液采用UV一可见、红外光谱分析,用UV-可见光谱发现活性黑KN-B在可见光区600nm处的吸收峰已消失,并且紫外区309nm处的吸收峰减弱,但255nm处的吸收峰增强,说明活性黑KN-B染料中的偶氮键断裂后生成芳香胺类化合物,这些中间产物可进一步降解。用红外光谱分析,结果与UV-可见光谱分析一致。     

沈阳细河水体黑臭评价

根据1999-2008年监测数据,应用黑臭评价指数对沈阳细河水体进行黑臭评价。结果显示,细河水体黑臭指数,在1999-2003年间呈上升态势,2004年起逐年下降;1999-2006年,细河水体污染较重,呈严重黑臭状态,2007和2008两年,水质状况有所好转,呈微黑臭状态。     

Fungal diversity in major oil-shale mines in China

As an insufficiently utilized energy resource,oil shale is conducive to the formation of characteristic microbial communities due to its special geological origins.However,little is known about fungal diversity in oil shale.Polymerase chain reaction cloning was used to construct the fungal ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid internal transcribed spacer(r DNA ITS)clone libraries of Huadian Mine in Jilin Province,Maoming Mine in Guangdong Province,and Fushun Mine in Liaoning Province.Pure culture and molecular identification were applied for the isolation of cultivable fungi in fresh oil shale of each mine.Results of clone libraries indicated that each mine had over 50% Ascomycota(58.4%–98.9%)and 1.1%–13.5%unidentified fungi.Fushun Mine and Huadian Mine had 5.9% and 28.1% Basidiomycota,respectively.Huadian Mine showed the highest fungal diversity,followed by Fushun Mine and Maoming Mine.Jaccard indexes showed that the similarities between any two of three fungal communities at the genus level were very low,indicating that fungi in each mine developed independently during the long geological adaptation and formed a community composition fitting the environment.In the fresh oil-shale samples of the three mines,cultivable fungal phyla were consistent with the results of clone libraries.Fifteen genera and several unidentified fungi were identified as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota using pure culture.Penicillium was the only genus found in all three mines.These findings contributed to gaining a clear understanding of current fungal resources in major oil-shale mines in China and provided useful information for relevant studies on isolation of indigenous fungi carrying functional genes from oil shale.     

高压静电应用在饮食业油烟净化上的设计

饮食业油烟排放时对大气产生较严重污染 ,本文介绍了高压静电在油烟净化上应用的原理和净化器的设计参数。     

页岩气开发面临的环保挑战及建议

我国的页岩气勘探开发处于起步阶段,还未建立完善的环保政策,大规模开发将面临诸多环保挑战。我国页岩气主要分布在四川、重庆等南方地区,结合该区域地少人多、地质灾害多发等特点,文章从页岩气压裂作业所需水资源、大量压裂返排液和地层水无害化处理、勘探开发过程中噪声污染以及开发用地与耕地之间的矛盾等方面探讨了页岩气开发面临的主要环境风险,并提出了页岩气开发的环保对策建议。     

Environmental Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Bulgarian Black Sea Green Algae

Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cd concentration distribution in six green macroalgae species from the Bulgarian Black Sea coast were determined. The measurement of these metals was carried out during six seasons from 1996 to 2002 using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Samples were collected from eight different sites–Shabla, Kaliakra, Tuzlata, Ravda, Ahtopol and Sinemoretz. The obtained heavy metal (HM) data (mean values g/g) for all algae are: 650 ± 100 for Fe, 184 ± 15 for Mn, 5.6 ± 0.5 for Cu, 3.3 ± 0.3 for Pb and 1.1 ± 0.2 for Cd. The obtained HM contents indicate that different species demonstrate various degree of metal accumulation and the obtained higher values in the northern sector of the studied zone can be attributed to the discharge influence of the big rivers, entering the Black Sea–Danube, Dnyepr, Dnester and local pollutant emissions. All data show that there is no serious contamination in green macroalgae with heavy and toxic metals along the whole Bulgarian Black Sea coast.     

二氧化钛改性油页岩渣对水溶液中亚甲基蓝和六价铬的吸附

以油页岩渣及其二氧化钛改性材料为吸附剂,探究它们去除水溶液中亚甲基蓝和六价铬的能力.通过实验,控制溶液的pH值、温度、初始浓度和接触时间,观察吸附效果变化特征,研究其动力学和热力学性能.实验表明,改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝和六价铬的吸附率是未改性的2—3倍,且改性油页岩渣对亚甲基蓝的吸附率可达97%,对六价铬的吸附率不到25%.吸附亚甲基蓝时,pH值越大,吸附效果越好;而吸附六价铬时,最适pH值为4.改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝实验符合准二阶动力学方程,计算得反应活化能为13.29 kJ.mol-1,表明此过程主要是物理吸附.在热力学方面,由范特霍夫方程计算得ΔG〈0、ΔH〉0,表明此过程自发吸热,可见此过程还伴有化学吸附.Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型拟合结果表明,Langmuir模型数据拟合甚佳,R2=0.9999,说明改性油页岩渣吸附亚甲基蓝是单分子层吸附.二氧化钛改性油页岩渣经7次回收利用后,对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果仅减少约1.5%.