MnOx／介孔γ-A12O3催化臭氧化降解水中安替比林的研究

以自制的介孔γ-A12O3为载体,通过等体积浸渍法合成了MnOx／介孔γ-A12O3催化剂。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）以及紫外一可见漫反射（uV—VisDRS）等手段对其进行表征。结果表明,锰氧化物在介孔氧化铝载体上具有较高的分散度,并且锰以多种价态存在。高度分散以及多价态的MnOx能够提高催化臭氧化过程中电荷转移,引起更高的催化活性。MnOx／介孑γ-A12O3催化剂能够有效地提高臭氧对水中安替比林的矿化效果,对含量为10mg／L的安替比林水溶液在反应60min后基本达到完全矿化。     

Polynomial response of 2,4-D mineralization to temperature in soils at varying soil moisture contents,slope positions and depths

The herbicide 2,4-D [2,4-(dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] is a widely used broadleaf control agent in cereal production systems. Although 2,4-D soil-residual activity (half-lives) are typicaly less than 10 days, this herbicide also has as a short-term leaching potential due to its relatively weak retention by soil constituents. Herbicide residual effects and leaching are influenced by environmental variables such as soil moisture and temperature. The objective of this study was to determine impacts of these environmental variables on the magnitude and extent of 2,4-D mineralization in a cultivated undulating Manitoba prairie landscape. Microcosm incubation experiments were utilized to assess 2,4-D half-lives and total mineralization using a 4 × 4 × 3 × 2 factorial design (with soil temperature at 4 levels: 5, 10, 20 and 40°C; soil moisture at 4 levels: 60, 85, 110, 135 % of field capacity; slope position at 3 levels: upper-, mid- and lower-slopes; and soil depth at 2 levels: 0–5 cm and 5–15 cm). Half-lives (t_1/2) varied from 3 days to 51 days with the total 2,4-D mineralization (M _T ) ranging from 5.8 to 50.9 %. The four-way interaction (temperature × moisture × slope × depth) significantly (p< 0.001) influenced both t_1/2 and M _T. Second-order polynomial equations best described the relations of temperature with t_1/2 and M_T as was expected from a biological system. However, the interaction and variability of t_1/2 and M_T among different temperatures, soil moistures, slope positions, and soil depth combinations indicates that the complex nature of these interacting factors should be considered when applying 2,4-D in agricultural fields and in utilizing these parameters in pesticide fate models.     

Distribution of the herbicide atrazine in a microcosm with riparian forest plants

Pesticides applied on sugarcane reach the subsoil of riparian forests and probably contaminate the river water. This work was conducted to learn about the phytoremediation of atrazine and subsoil contamination using the common riparian forest species of Cecropia hololeuca Miq. and Trema micranta (L.) Blum. These plants were grown in soil microcosms where ¹⁴C-atrazine at 1/10 of the field-recommended dose was applied at the bottom of the microcosm simulating the movement from contaminated ground water to the upper soil layers and into plants. Residues of ¹⁴C-atrazine were detected in all parts of the microcosm including soil, rhizosphere and the roots in different layers of the microcosm, stem and leaves. Atrazine mineralization was higher (10.2%) in the microcosms with plants than the control microcosms without plants (1.2%). The upward movement of this pesticide from deeper to more superficial soil layers occurred in all the microcosms with plants, powered by evapotranspiration process. From the atrazine applied in this study about 45% was taken up by C. hololeuca and 35% by T. micrantha. The highest amount of radioactivity (%) was found in the fine roots and the specific radioactivity (% g^?1) showed that thick, fine roots and leaves bioaccumulate atrazine. The enhanced mineralization of atrazine as well the phytostabilization effect of the tree biomass will reduce the bioavailability of these residues and consequently decrease the hazardous effects on the environment.     

Influence of humic fractions on retention of isoproturon residues in two Moroccan soils

The influence of different fractions of soil organic matter on the retention of the herbicide isoproturon (IPU) has been evaluated. Water and methanol extractable residues of ¹⁴C labeled isoproturon have been determined in two Moroccan soils by β -counting–liquid chromatography. The quantification of bound residues in soil and in different fractions of soil humic substances has been performed using pyrolysis/scintillation-detected gas-chromatography. Microbial mineralization of the herbicide and soil organic matter has been also monitored. Retention of isoproturon residues after 30-days incubation ranged from 22% to 32% (non-extractable fraction). The radioactivity extracted in an aqueous environment was from 20% to 33% of the amount used for the treatment; meanwhile, methanol was able to extract another 48%. Both soils showed quantities of bound residues into the humin fraction higher than humic and fulvic acids. The total amount of residues retained into the organic matter of the soils was about 65 % of non-extractable fraction, and this percentage did not change with incubation time; on the contrary, the sorption rate of the retention reaction is mostly influenced by the clay fraction and organic content of the soil. Only a little part of the herbicide was mineralized during the experimental time.     

Soil bound residues of carbaryl and 1‐naphthol: Release and mineralization in soil,and uptake by plants

Abstract

¹⁴C‐carbaryl and ¹⁴C‐1‐naphthol form soil bound residues which get partially released when barley was grown. ¹⁴C‐residues could be detected in both shoot and root in the case of carbaryl treatment while only roots showed ¹⁴C‐residues in the case of 1‐naphthol. Flooding enhanced release of the bound residues while soil amendment did not. There was greater mineralization of bound residues of carbaryl than that of 1‐naphthol. Rice straw amendment enhanced mineralization.     

Metabolism of 14C‐carbaryl and 14C‐1‐naphthol in moist and flooded soils

Abstract

The metabolism of ¹⁴C‐carbaryl and ¹⁴C‐1‐naphthol in moist and flooded soils was studied in a continuous flow‐through system over a period of 28 days permitting ¹⁴C‐mass balance. The percent distribution of radiocarbon in organic volatiles, carbon dioxide, extractable and non‐extractable (bound) fractions of soils were determined. Organic volatiles could not be detected in both carbaryl and 1‐naphthol treated soils. More of ¹⁴CO₂ (25.6%) was evolved from moist than flooded soil (15.1%) treated with carbaryl. However, the mineralization of ¹⁴C‐1‐naphthol was negligible. The extractable radiocarbon was more in flooded soil (28.9%) than moist soil (5.5%) from carbaryl treatment. Less than one percent was present as parent compound, whereas carbaryl was mainly metabolized to 5‐hydroxy carbaryl in moist soil and to 4‐ and 5‐hydroxy carbaryl in flooded soil. The extractable radiocarbon amounted to 18.2 and 24.3% in moist and flooded soils respectively and the parent compound was less than one percent with 1‐naphthol treatment. Most of the radiocarbon was found as soil bound residues; the formation being more with 1‐naphthol than carbaryl. Humin fraction of the soil organic matter contributed most to soil bound residues of both carbaryl and 1‐naphthol.     

Degradation of telone II in contaminated and noncontaminated soils

Abstract

Degradation of the nematicide Telone II (cis‐ and trans‐1,3‐dichloropropene comprise the active ingredients) in soil was studied using ¹⁴C‐l,3‐dichloropropene (DCP) along with soil samples collected from a field test site near Quincy, Florida. A mixed bacterial culture isolated from the soil in the presence of a second carbon source, glucose or yeast extract, completely degraded ¹⁴C‐DCP to ¹⁴CO₂, water‐soluble products, and microbial mass. ¹⁴C‐DCP in soil was also degraded to ¹⁴CO₂. After 28 days of incubation, the labeled chemical was completely degraded to ¹⁴CO₂, water‐soluble metabolites, bound‐residues, and possibly some microbial mass. Little or no difference was observed in the degradation of ¹⁴C‐DCP in soil samples collected one week prior to field application of Telone II, or two weeks and two years after application.     

O_3-Ca(OH)_2体系处理苯酚废水

研究了苯酚在新型臭氧氧化体系O_3-Ca(OH)_2体系中的降解与矿化效果。实验结果表明:苯酚及TOC的去除率都随着Ca(OH)_2用量(小于2 g/L)、进气臭氧质量浓度(小于75 mg/L)、进气流量(小于3.0 L/min)的增大以及初始苯酚质量浓度的减小而增加,但受反应压力和液相温度的影响较小;当Ca(OH)_2用量大于3 g/L时,苯酚和TOC的去除率在30 min和55 min时分别达到了100%左右;Ca~(2+)的存在实现了羟基自由基清除剂CO_3~(2-)的实时分离去除,从而强化了臭氧氧化过程中苯酚的降解与矿化。这表明,O_3-Ca(OH)_2体系是一种处理难降解有机废水的高效臭氧氧化新体系。     

阿魏酸、对羟基苯甲酸对土壤中氮矿化的影响

实验研究阿魏酸、对羟基苯甲酸对土壤中的氮矿化的影响,分析了麦秸和麦秸在土中腐解时产生的酚酸与土壤中氮矿化作用的相关性．结果表明,２种酸对氮矿化的影响不同．在对羟基苯甲酸存在下微生物对氮的固持作用大于在阿魏酸存在下的固持作用．土样中加入酚酸与加入麦秸相比,麦秸对土壤中氮的矿化的影响更为显著,变化趋势也不同．     

江苏盱眙金矿化带的基本特征及找矿远景

江苏盱眙金矿化带位于古桑乡石牛山-小团山一带,根据土壤和基岩的化探资料,确定了6个金异常点;通过1:1万地质草测,确定了区内矿化带的空间分布、规模和产状.金矿化主要与南北向断裂有关.围岩蚀变主要有硅化、碳酸盐化及褐铁矿化.金矿化可分两类:一是破碎蚀变岩型,二是侵入接触带型.前者是在地层间的平缓碎裂岩和糜棱岩带,具泥化或红土化现象;后者系岩体与地层接触,形成硫化物或铁帽.盱眙一带金矿找矿前景以断裂附近的岩浆岩体侵入接触带为好.