Effects of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) root mucilage on microbial community response and capacity for phenanthrene remediation

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is normally limited by their low solubility and poor bioavailability. Prior research suggests that biosurfactants are synthesized as intermediates during the production of mucilage at the root tip. To date the effects of mucilage on PAH degradation and microbial community response have not been directly examined. To address this question, our research compared 3 cowpea breeding lines (Vigna unguiculata) that differed in mucilage production for their effects on phenanthrene (PHE) degradation in soil. The High Performance Liquid Chromatography results indicated that the highest PHE degradation rate was achieved in soils planted with mucilage producing cowpea line C1, inoculated with Bradyrhizobium, leading to 91.6% PHE disappearance in 5 weeks. In root printing tests, strings treated with mucilage and bacteria produced larger clearing zones than those produced on mucilage treated strings with no bacteria or bacteria inoculated strings. Experiments with ¹⁴C-PHE and purified mucilage in soil slurry confirmed that the root mucilage significantly enhanced PHE mineralization (82.7%), which is 12% more than the control treatment without mucilage. The profiles of the PHE degraders generated by Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis suggested that cowpea C1, producing a high amount of root mucilage, selectively enriched the PHE degrading bacteria population in rhizosphere. These findings indicate that root mucilage may play a significant role in enhancing PHE degradation and suggests that differences in mucilage production may be an important criterion for selection of the best plant species for use in phytoremediation of PAH contaminated soils.     

环草隆与镉复合污染对城市绿地重金属污染土壤有机氮矿化量、基础呼吸和土壤酶活性的影响

环草隆是北方城市应用较为广泛的一种草坪除草剂,重金属镉是土壤中常见的重要污染物,二者在土壤生态系统中存在联合暴露的潜在风险。为了准确评价城市绿地土壤重金属和农药复合污染的生态风险,选择不同重金属污染程度的土壤为研究对象,在室内模拟条件下,探讨了环草隆与镉复合污染对土壤有机氮矿化量、基础呼吸及土壤酶活性的影响。研究发现:环草隆与镉复合污染对各试验指标的影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01);与镉复合污染能明显改变环草隆的微生物毒性效应,并且Cd对环草隆毒性效应的影响与二者浓度配比有很大关系,Cd浓度由1 mg·kg-1升高到10 mg·kg-1,环草隆浓度与样点G土壤有机氮矿化量变化率的线性关系由正相关变为负相关;复合污染下,根据剂量-效应关系计算的EC50值27.6~848mg·kg-1,远远高于环草隆草坪建议施用量(3.33 mg·kg-1);土壤中环草隆与镉复合污染的联合毒性效应受土壤理化性质及重金属含量影响较大,另外,二者复合效应也会随污染物浓度及试验指标的不同而不同。以上研究结果能够为城市土壤重金属和除草剂复合污染生态风险评价提供基础数据和技术方法。     

人工湿地的氮稳定同位素特征及污染源解析

对2016年4,6,和8月合肥市塘西河人工湿地水体中的溶解态硝酸盐进行稳定氮同位素分析。通过不同的季节人工湿地内硝酸盐的稳定氮同位素值(δ~(15)N-NO_3~-)的变化情况来研究水体中氮的迁移、转变等生物地球化学过程,从而揭示其环境行为,同时对该人工湿地氮的循环机制进行探究。研究发现:该人工湿地的δ~(15)N-NO_3~-值分布在13.9‰~22.7‰,表明其硝酸盐氮的主要来源是人畜排泄物或城市生活污水。4,6,8月水体中的δ~(15)N-NO_3~-值都受硝化、矿化、植物同化作用的影响;6月水体中的δ~(15)N-NO_3~-值还受藻类同化吸收作用的影响;8月水体中的δ~(15)N-NO_3~-值还受雨水混合、藻类同化吸收与反硝化作用的影响。     

零价铁自养反硝化过程活性污泥矿化及解决措施

本研究通过接种生活污水处理厂活性污泥,在升流式厌氧反应器内启动了零价铁还原硝酸盐的反应,经过52d的运行后实现氮去除速率29.3 g·(m~3·d)~(-1).针对运行过程中形成的三价铁及铁氧化物对污泥的包裹,致使污泥矿化,导致活性降低的问题,进行了流加污泥和改变回流两种防矿化方式的可行性研究.采用流加方式,经过22 d运行,硝酸盐氮转化速率在33.0 g·(m~3·d)~(-1)左右,出水亚硝酸盐氮平均浓度16.50 mg·L~(-1),此两者和矿化时期相比均无较大变化,而出水氨氮平均浓度从12.38 mg·L~(-1)下降到3.58 mg·L~(-1),氮去除速率从9.9 g·(m~3·d)~(-1)恢复至15.0 g·(m~3·d)~(-1),生物反应减弱了化学还原硝酸盐过程;采用改变回流方式,反应柱外部设置回流池,利用回流池上部水进行水力循环和上升冲刷,将生成的三价铁及铁氧化物随出水流出并沉积在外部回流池内,在上升流速3.49 m·h-1的条件下,转化硝酸盐对应生成的三价铁量有大约58%通过回流沉淀在外部回流池内,硝酸盐氮反应速率在34.3 g·(m~3·d)~(-1),出水亚硝酸盐氮、氨氮浓度分别为0.22 mg·L~(-1)、0.75mg·L~(-1),未出现氨和亚硝酸盐的大量积累,实现氮去除速率在33.4 g·(m~3·d)~(-1),实现了长期运行中污泥矿化问题的解决.对比两种方式,从处理效果看改变回流模式处理污泥矿化问题优于污泥流加方式.     

Individual-based modelling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soils: Parameterization and sensitivity analysis of microbial components

The fate of soil carbon and nitrogen compounds in soils in response to climate change is currently the object of significant research. In particular, there is much interest in the development of a new generation of micro-scale models of soil ecosystems processes. Crucial to the elaboration of such models is the ability to describe the growth and metabolism of small numbers of individual microorganisms, distributed in a highly heterogeneous environment. In this context, the key objective of the research described in this article was to further develop an individual-based soil organic matter model, INDISIM-SOM, first proposed a few years ago, and to assess its performance with a broader experimental data set than previously considered. INDISIM-SOM models the dynamics and evolution of carbon and nitrogen associated with organic matter in soils. The model involves a number of state variables and parameters related to soil organic matter and microbial activity, including growth and decay of microbial biomass, temporal evolutions of easily hydrolysable N, mineral N in ammonium and nitrate, CO₂ and O₂. The present article concentrates on the biotic components of the model. Simulation results demonstrate that the model can be calibrated to provide good fit to experimental data from laboratory incubation experiments performed on three different types of Mediterranean soils. In addition, analysis of the sensitivity toward its biotic parameters shows that the model is far more sensitive to some parameters, i.e., the microbial maintenance energy and the probability of random microbial death, than to others. These results suggest that, in the future, research should focus on securing better measurements of these parameters, on environmental determinants of the switch from active to dormant states, and on the causes of random cell death in soil ecosystems.     

Biodecolorization and partial mineralization of Reactive Black 5 by a strain of Rhodopseudomonas palustris

A strain of photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodopseudomonas palustris W1, isolated from a lab-scale anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) treating textile e?uent was demonstrated to decolorize Reactive Black 5 (RB5) effciently under anaerobic condition. By a series of batch tests, the suitable conditions for RB5 decolorization were obtained, namely, pH < 10, light presence, glutamine or lactate as carbon source with concentration more than 500 mg/L when lactate is selected, NH4Cl as a nitrogen source with ...     

Physico-chemical versus microbial release of c-atrazine bound residues from a loamy clay soil incubated in laboratory microcosms

A loamy clay soil containing unextractable ¹⁴C-ring labeled atrazine residues was incubated in microcosms under abiotic and biotic conditions. The mineralization activity of the soil microflora was evaluated by the release of total CO₂ and ¹⁴C0₂. After 63 days of sample incubation the total organic carbon mineralization was of 1.71%, that of ¹⁴C-residues was of 0.72% of the initial radioactivity. No direct relationship was established between the mineralization of atrazine residues and the global mineralization. The contribution of soil microorganisms in the release of ¹⁴C-residues was weak. The availability of non-extractable residues was mainly controlled by physico-chemical factors. The low value of the reextractability rate and the distribution of bound residues during the soil sample incubation shown the active role of organic matter in detoxification procedure. Ninety percent of the residues remained bound after 63 days of incubation and were thus, potentially available without biocide activity.

The fractionation of soil organic matter allowed to specify the distribution of bound residues within the organic compartments. After a long-stay of pesticides in soils, approximately 65% of bound residues were associated with humin.     

电导率的测定与质量监督工作

电导率、矿化度和总硬度密切相关。由此电导率的测定值可用来检验矿化度和总硬度测定值的准确性,加强质量控制,本文指出,电导率的测定应作为水样的首测项目。     

粤西两类混合岩地质地球化学对比及与金成矿作用关系探讨

笔者在对粤西进行金银成矿作用研究的过程中,发现该地区存在两类不同成因的混合岩类,第一类为基底混合岩,第二类为断裂变质混合岩,两者在许多方面都存在很大差异。本文从它们的形成时间、分布空间、成岩方式、岩石学、矿物学、地球化学以及与金银等元素的成矿作用关系等方面进行了研究,分别阐述了两者的各自特点,并进行了对比,研究表明,基底混合岩化作用与金银的成矿作用关系主要表现为前者为后者提供了物质基础,而断裂变质混合岩化作用与金银的成矿作用关系则主要表现为前者或其邻近的构造带对后者的空间上的控制,其次才表现为成矿作用提供物质基础。