居民经手口途径摄入含PAHs颗粒物的致癌风险评价

为评价居民经手口途径暴露于被PAHs污染室外土壤和室内灰尘颗粒的致癌风险以及与之相关各个参数的重要程度,本文构建了经手口途径暴露于这两种颗粒物的概率风险模型,运用蒙特卡罗模拟方法评价了居民的致癌风险,探究了主要的风险来源及关键的暴露参数.结果表明,幼儿、儿童和青少年所承受的风险较大;婴儿、成年人和老年人较小.婴儿致癌风险超过10~(-6)的概率为2%左右;幼儿和青少年超过10~(-6)的概率在5%左右,但不超过10~(-4);儿童超过10~(-6)的概率在15%左右,有0.1%左右的概率超过10~(-4);成年人和老年人超过10~(-6)的概率分别在1%和0.1%左右.室内灰尘颗粒是主要的风险来源,占91%左右;室内硬表面灰尘是室内致癌风险的主要来源,占65%左右.与致癌风险相关性最大的因素为:手口途径发生的频次(FQ)、灰尘颗粒中PAHs的等效斜率(PEFj)、灰尘在室内硬表面的含量(DSLHS)、颗粒物从手掌皮肤表面到口腔的转移率(SE)和灰尘在室内软表面的含量(DSLSS).     

Cobalt induced changes in immune response and adenosine triphosphatase activities in rats

Abstract

The immuno‐biochemical effects of cobaltous chloride in rats receiving iron‐sufficient and deficient diets were investigated. Rats receiving 100 ppm or more cobalt showed a significant reduction in thymus and body weights along with a marked decrease in hemoglobin, hematocrit, sheep agglutinins and plaque forming cells. These effects were more pronounced in rats receiving cobalt mixed with iron‐deficient diet than those fed on iron‐sufficient diet. The Na⁺‐K⁺ and mitochondrial (Oligomycin‐sensitive) Mg²+ATPase activities in brain and liver of rats fed with iron‐deficient diets were decreased significantly. However, the ATPase activities in these tissues from rats fed with cobalt mixed with iron‐sufficient diets were not altered.     

微生物燃料电池降解焦化废水过程研究

焦化废水生化处理流程复杂，污染物降解过程尚不明确，构建无膜空气阴极焦化废水微生物燃料电池，利用循环伏安法、红外分析、微生物群落结构等分析考察了焦化废水的降解过程中，各类有机物含量变化、官能团的变化、有机物异步降解次序及优势菌种的演替.焦化废水中含硫无机物被优先降解，酚类降解次之，含氮污染物历经好氧硝化与厌氧反硝化降解过程，但落后于前者；长链烷烃类降解缓慢；生物群落结构与底物中有机物种类密切相关，初期Desulfurella优先氧化含硫污染物、Flavobacterium降解酚类次之、Nitrospirae氧化降解NH₄⁺-N较为缓慢，随时间延长Alcaligenes、Thiobacillus演变为优势菌落，实现了酚类的降解及NO₃^-的反硝化降解；电池输出电压为470.9mV，最高输出功率密度达12.5mW/cm²，COD、T_phenols、T_surful、TN、NH₄⁺-N的降解分别为85.8%、83.3%、87.5%、43.8%、89.9%.利用微生物燃料电池技术处理焦化废水，一步实现水质净化及能量回收，为废水生物处理控制提供理论和实践参考.     

Liquid discharges from patients undergoing I treatments

This work discusses the production and management of liquid radioactive wastes as excretas from patients undergoing therapy procedures with ¹³¹I radiopharmaceuticals in Spain. The activity in the sewage has been estimated with and without waste radioactive decay tanks. Two common therapy procedures have been considered, the thyroid cancer (4.14 GBq administered per treatment), and the hyperthyroidism (414 MBq administered per treatment). The calculations were based on measurements of external exposure around the 244 hyperthyroidism patients and 23 thyroid cancer patients. The estimated direct activity discharged to the sewage for two thyroid carcinomas and three hyperthyroidisms was 14.57 GBq and 1.27 GBq, respectively, per week; the annual doses received by the most exposed individual (sewage worker) were 164 μSv and 13 μSv, respectively. General equations to calculate the activity as a function of the number of patient treated each week were also obtained.     

Oil-dispersant mixtures: understanding chemical composition and its relation to human toxicity

The ability for the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of oil-dispersant mixtures to become aerosolized following natural sea surface activity markedly increases the probability of inhalation exposure to this aerosolized mixture and subsequent adverse respiratory health effects. Thus, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the chemical composition of WAF of these mixtures as well as determine how this relates to lung epithelial cell cytotoxicity. WAF was prepared by mixing each dispersant (Corexit 9500/9527/9580) with crude oil. For “chemical constituent fingerprinting,” these prepared WAF were extracted prior with dichloromethane, analyzed by Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and qualitatively evaluated using the NIST08 database. Results from chemical analysis revealed an increase in structure complexity of the WAF oil-dispersant mixtures when compared to WAF of crude oil only. This complexity was characterized by high molecular weight compounds such as alkyl derivatives, esters, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Previously a concentration-dependent reduction in cultured A549 cells was noted at 2 or 24?h time points following exposure to either the WAF-oil/9500 or WAF-oil/9527. Thus, a possible correlation exists between the chemical complexity of these mixtures and the ability to induce lung epithelial cell death in potentially exposed individuals.     

The synergistic interaction of Nickel(II) with dna damaging agents

In this report we present several examples in which nickel(II) in combination with DNA damaging agents caused an enhanced or synergistic biological response using several different endpoints. These examples of Ni(II) toxicity represent several approaches designed to understand the genotoxicity of Ni(II) as well as several other metal ions. They are discussed in this report as a partial basis for our hypothesis that Ni(II) may alter the cellular processing of DNA damage at some common point in the pathway for DNA repair of several different agents. In cultured Chinese hamster cells DNA damage by Ni(II) ions was not readily demonstrated by the method of alkaline elution, but pretreatment of cells with Ni(II) before X‐irradiation produced an enhanced amount of strand breaks compared to the amount produced by X‐rays alone. A synergistic enhancement of cell transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells was observed for combined treatments of Ni(II) and benzo(a)pyrene. The nickel enhancement of mutagenesis by ultraviolet light was demonstrated for the bacterial gene gpt stably integrated into the Chinese hamster V79 genome.     

Short‐chain fatty acids affect cell‐association and invasion of HEp‐2 cells by Salmonella typhimurium

Abstract

This study demonstrates that the growth of S. typhimurium in Luria Bertani broth supplemented with acetate, propionate, butyrate, or a mixture of the three SCFA, affected cell‐association and the ability to invade cultured HEp‐2 cells. Cell‐association and invasion was determined after growth for 4 h of growth in the presence of the SCFA at pH 6 and 7. The results suggest that the growth rate of the culture may have affected cell‐association and invasion since accompanying the significant decrease in growth rate in the presence of SCFA at pH 6 was a decrease in cell‐association and invasion. However, the results also suggest that the individual SCFA may play a role in modulating cell‐association and the invasion phenotype and the regulation of cell‐association and invasion by the SCFA was dependent on the concentration and the pH of the medium. Although the growth rates were similar for S. typhimurium in the SCFA mixture, butyrate (100 mM) and propionate (50 mM) at pH 6, differences in cell‐association and invasion were observed among these cultures. Also, at pH 7, differences were observed among the SCFA treatments even though the growth rates were similar.     

Assessment of a potential preventive ability of amygdalin in mycotoxin-induced ovarian toxicity

The possible effects of a natural substance amygdalin and its combination with the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on the steroid hormone secretion (progesterone and 17-β-estradiol) by porcine ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) were examined in this in vitro study. Ovarian GCs were incubated without (control group) and with amygdalin (1, 10, 100, 1,000 and 10,000 μg mL¹), or its combination with DON (1 μg mL¹) for 24 h. The release of steroid hormones was determined by ELISA. The progesterone secretion by porcine ovarian GCs was not affected by amygdalin in comparison to the control. However, the highest amygdalin dose (10,000 μg mL¹) caused a significant stimulation of the 17-β-estradiol release. A combination of amygdalin with DON significantly (P < 0.05) increased the progesterone release at all concentrations. Similarly, a stimulatory effect of amygdalin co-administered with DON was detected with respect to the 17-β-estradiol secretion at the highest dose (10,000 μg mL¹) of amygdalin and 1 μg mL¹ of DON. Noticeable differences between the effects of amygdalin alone and its combination with DON on the progesterone release were detected. In contrast, no differences between the stimulatory effects of amygdalin and its combination with DON on the 17-β-estradiol synthesis by porcine GCs were observed. Findings from this in vitro study did not confirm the expected protective effect of amygdalin on mycotoxin induced reprotoxicity. Our results indicate that the stimulatory effect of amygdalin combined with DON on the progesterone release was clearly caused by the DON addition, not by the presence amygdalin per se. On the other hand, the stimulation of 17-β-estradiol production was solely caused by the presence of amygdalin addition. These findings suggest a possible involvement of both natural substances into the processes of steroidogenesis and appear to be endocrine modulators of porcine ovaries.