An exploratory comparison of disasters, riots and terrorist acts

One question that emerged following the 11 September attacks was how to categorise and classify the event within existing disaster and conflict-event research frameworks. A decade ago, Quarantelli (1993) compared findings on the similarities and differences between consensus- and conflict-type events by illustrating a conceptual distinction between the two. In this paper, this discussion is expanded to include terrorist attacks by offering comparisons from research findings following 11 September. We provide analyses of individual, organisational, and community-level behaviour in crisis situations and suggest how 11 September is both similar to, and differs from, consensus- and conflict-type events as they were previously considered. Applications for emergency management are also suggested.     

四氟乙烷（HFC—134a）急性,亚急性毒性的研究

本文研究了四氟乙烷（ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ）和二氟二氯甲烷（ＣＦＣ－１３，氟利昂１２）的急性．亚急性毒性，给大鼠吸入高浓度ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ或ＣＦＣ－１２，观察和记录体重，心电图，血象，生化指标，脏器系数和病理组织学变化，结果显示：实验动物均无病理改变，无死亡，二者的毒性相近，属基本无毒，因此以毒性为指标，ＨＦＣ－１３４ａ可作为ＣＦＣ－１２的替代品。     

湖北省环境保护“十一五”规划中期评估

采用定量评估和定性评估相结合的方式,对湖北省环境保护“十一五”规划中期实施情况进行评估。分析其实施过程中存在的主要问题,提出改进和加强的建议。     

双台子河橡胶坝对支流绕阳河纳潮的影响

基于Mike11 HD和AD模块建立双台子河口区感潮河段水动力-水质耦合模型,利用实测资料对水动力、水质模型参数进行了率定和验证。利用所建模型,以夏灌期为例分析了在两种水文条件下橡胶坝对支流绕阳河纳潮的影响。结果表明,在两种水文情景下,建橡胶坝后纳潮量分别增加18.3%和16.9%,最大流量分别增加了32.7%和31.2%。盐度分析表明修建橡胶坝对绕阳河纳潮盐度变化影响不大,可满足苇田灌溉对盐度的要求。研究结果可为盘锦双台子河口苇田科学灌溉、促进增产提供技术支持。     

孕鼠PFOS暴露对糖皮质激素水平及胎鼠生长发育的影响

为探究孕期全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)暴露与母源糖皮质激素(GC)水平、胎鼠生长发育之间的关系,将孕期为12 d(GD12)的24只SD雌性大鼠,随机分为4组给予不同剂量的PFOS(0,5,10,20 mg·kg-1),连续灌胃7 d,在GD19时对孕鼠和胎鼠的体重、胎鼠肝脏系数和肝脏生化指标、孕鼠血清的生化指标和GC水平、胎盘11β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶2(11β-HSD2)的酶学活性和胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)的mRNA表达水平分别进行检测。结果表明,与对照组相比:PFOS 20 mg·kg-1组,母鼠体重、胎鼠体重和体长显著下降(P0.001);PFOS 20 mg·kg-1组,胎鼠肝脏脏器系数低于对照组(P0.001);PFOS 10 mg·kg-1组,胎鼠肝脏中的酶活性(ALT、AST和ALP等)显著升高(P0.001);PFOS 20 mg·kg-1组,孕鼠血清GC水平升高(P0.05);胎盘IGF-1的mRNA表达水平随PFOS剂量升高而降低;胎盘11β-HSD2的活性随PFOS剂量升高而降低。研究表明,孕期暴露PFOS可以导致胎鼠肝脏毒性,降低胎盘11β-HSD2氧化活性导致GC浓度升高,进而影响胎鼠的生长发育。     

管网河道耦合的排水系统运营风险分析及治理措施

建立了混流式管网系统与受纳河道的耦合模型分析管网混接对河道水质造成的影响,以运营达标为目标研究了管网系统的运营风险,对风险区域的末端排口提出了针对性的治理措施.结果表明,研究区管网混流对河道水质影响相对较小,但对管网自身污染影响较大,需优先排查区域占流域面积的45.0％,主要集中在新城区;综合考虑节点积水、管线承压、河...     

Evaluation of the fish short term reproduction assay for detecting endocrine disrupters

In a fish testing strategy, positive results of the fish short term reproduction assay (FSTR), often trigger a definitive test like the fish sexual development test (FSDT) or the fish full life cycle test (FFLC), entailing ethical and economic problems. This study analysed 137 studies encompassing 35 chemicals with different modes of actions (MOAs). Variability is quantified for MOA endpoints vitellogenin (VTG) and secondary sex characteristics (SSCs) as well as for apical endpoints. Two MOA endpoints could indicate estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic, anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities. Great variability, however, has been observed for chemicals with anti-androgenic and steroidogenesis activities, suggesting that TG229/230 may not be sensitive enough to detect these types of chemicals and may produce false negatives. Changes in apical endpoints like fecundity are not limited to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Non-EDCs could induce the similar effects on these apical endpoints. If elucidating MOA is needed, targeted in vitro MOA tests are suggested. Positive in vitro MOA results trigger a definitive test, which could be used for confirmation of the MOA in vivo and for deriving a no observed effect concentration (NOEC). Based on positive MOA results of TG229, a definitive test such as the FSDT or the FFLC is still needed, because the current TG229 has limitation on the derivation of a NOEC. An extended TG229 with more power to detect reproduction effects, as recently proposed in the OECD test guideline program, would improve the possibility to derive a NOEC and increase its usefulness in risk assessment.     

In vivo and in vitro metabolism of tobacco-specific nitrosamine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), by the freshwater planarian, Dugesia japonica

Cigarette smoke is a risk factor for human health, and many studies were conducted to investigate its adverse effects on humans and other mammals. However, since large amounts of cigarette products are produced and consumed, it is possible that tobacco chemicals can end up in aquatic environments through several routes, thus influencing aquatic organisms. In this study, the presence of tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), in aquatic environment was demonstrated. Since toxic effects on and distribution patterns of tobacco chemicals in aquatic organisms were rarely studied, after results of an acute toxicity pretest were obtained, experiment was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation pattern of NNK and distribution patterns of its metabolites, mainly 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), in NNK-treated freshwater planarians, Dugesia japonica. Results from in vivo and in vitro studies showed that NNK was readily converted to NNAL through the carbonyl reduction in bodies of NNK-treated planarians. Tissue concentrations of both chemicals increased in time- and dose-dependent manners. Furthermore, we examined the end products of NNK/NNAL α-hydroxylation in NNK-treated planarians, but only 1-(3-pyridyl)-1,4-butanediol was detected, suggesting that NNK metabolism in planarians partially differs from that in mammalian systems. This is the first report on NNK metabolism in an aquatic organism and can be used as a foundation for developing freshwater planarians as a new in vivo model for the study of NNK toxicology in the future.     

我国“十一五”火力发电企业关停容量及节能分析与建议

从我国节能减排的政策出发,分析了“十一五”期间我国已关停的小火电机组容量、机组装机范围、企业分布等特征,以及其节能降耗与环保效果。预测了“十一五”关停小火电机组容量,并提出了相关建议。     

Private capital: What impedes its entry into China's minerals industry

The paper commences with an analysis of the nature and status of private capital investment in the minerals industry in China. Based on the analysis, the authors examine the main barriers in terms of the mineral rights market, industry access and investment security that impede the participation of private capital into exploration and development of China's mineral resources. The discussion addresses how to encourage the participation of private capital into mining investment and it concludes that it is of significant importance to ensure the soundness of mineral rights market, impartiality of industry access, and security of mineral rights.