Developing chemical signatures of particulate air pollution in the Pearl River Delta region, China

PM2:5 samples were collected in a regional sampling network with three sites in Hong Kong and four sites in the adjacent inland Pearl River Delta (PRD) or Guangdong Province during four months/seasons from 2002–2003. Trans-boundary transport between Hong Kong and the inland PRD is inevitable under the influence of Asian monsoon. In summer, Hong Kong serves as the upwind site of the inland PRD while during other seasons it is under the influence of continental emissions. Previous studies have recognized the importance of using chemical signatures to differentiate local vs. regional contributions to air pollutants in Hong Kong such as the CO/NOx ratio, ratios of different VOC species. In this study, detailed chemical speciation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed with PM2:5 samples to identify new chemical signatures to distinguish aerosols in Hong Kong from those from the inland PRD. Since Hong Kong is not influenced by the continental emissions from the inland PRD during summer, comparison focused on chemical data obtained from this season for chemical signatures. The new ratios developed from the current study include LCPI/HCPI ratio of alkanes (0.39 0.02 in Hong Kong vs. 0.78 0.08 in the inland PRD), pyrene to benzo[ghi]perylene ratio (0.97 0.21 in Hong Kong compared to 0.20 0.06 in the inland PRD), and the ratio of 1,2-benzenedioic acid to 1,4-benzenedioic acid (1.8 0.1 in Hong Kong vs. 0.6 0.05 in the inland PRD). Results from this study also revealed that Hong Kong was impacted by ship emissions as reflected by substantially high V/Ni ratio (9 2) while this ratio was about 1–2 at all sites in the inland PRD, which is very close to typical ratios from residual oil combustion.     

钒钛基SCR催化剂中毒及再生研究进展

在烟气脱硝系统中,选择性催化还原催化剂的中毒和再生是广泛关注的问题。文章介绍了钒钛基催化剂的碱金属中毒、碱土金属中毒、砷中毒和二氧化硫中毒,探讨其成因,并对中毒机理进行了分析,同时研究了避免催化剂中毒的措施以及中毒催化剂的再生技术。对碱金属中毒和碱土金属中毒催化剂的水洗再生和硫酸酸洗再生方法进行了实验评价。文章对溶胶凝胶法制备的以陶瓷颗粒为骨架的纳米负载型催化剂V2O5-WO3/TiO2(C)进行研究。实验结果表明,硫酸酸洗再生对碱金属和碱土金属中毒催化剂具有较好的再生效果。在380～410℃温度范围内可使中毒催化剂的NO去除率恢复至90%以上。水洗再生对碱金属中毒催化剂无明显效果,而在380～410℃温度范围内可使碱土金属中毒催化剂的NO去除率达到80%以上。对V2O5-WO3/TiO2(C)抗SO2性能研究表明,以锐钛TiO2为载体的V2O5-WO3/TiO2(C)催化剂具有较好的抗SO2效果。     

Efficient degradation of chlorobenzene in a non-thermal plasma catalytic reactor supported on CeO2/HZSM-5 catalysts

Chlorobenzene removal was investigated in a non-thermal plasma reactor using CeO₂/HZSM-5 catalysts. The performance of catalysts was evaluated in terms of removal and energy efficiency. The decomposition products of chlorobenzene were analyzed. The results show that CeO₂/HZSM-5 exhibited a good catalytic activity, which resulted in enhancements of chlorobenzene removal, energy efficiency, and the formation of lower amounts of by-products. With regards to CO₂ selectivity, the presence of catalysts favors the oxidation of by-products, leading to a higher CO₂ selectivity. With respect to ozone, which is considered as an unavoidable by-product in air plasma reactors, a noticeable decrease in its concentration was observed in the presence of catalysts. Furthermore, the stability of the catalyst was investigated by analyzing the evolution of conversion in time. The experiment results indicated that CeO₂/HZSM-5 catalysts have excellent stability: chlorobenzene conversion only decreased from 78% to 60% after 75 hr, which means that the CeO₂/HZSM-5 suffered a slight deactivation. Some organic compounds and chlorinated intermediates were adsorbed or deposited on the catalysts surface as shown by the results of Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analyses of the catalyst before and after the reaction, revealing the cause of catalyst deactivation.     

不同硅铝比的ZSM-5型沸石分子筛吸附水中Cu2＋离子的研究

考察了3种不同硅铝比的ZSM-5沸石分子筛（25H、38H和50H,25、38和50为硅铝比）对水中Cu2＋的吸附过程及其影响因素。结果表明,3种材料均能有效吸附去除水中Cu2＋离子,动力学符合假二阶动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附等温式。3种材料吸附速率及吸附容量顺序为：25H〉50H〉38H,其中,25H最大吸附容量达到12．83mg／g。投加量由0．8g／L增加至2．0g／L,材料对Cu2＋吸附去除率由87．0％增加至97．5％。考察水中常见阳离子对吸附的干扰作用,结果表明,干扰离子的影响顺序为：Pb2＋〉K＋〉Na＋〉Mg2＋;随着干扰离子浓度的增大,材料对Cu2＋的去除率显著下降。硅铝比及晶粒形貌均对沸石分子筛吸附Cu2＋有较大影响,小的孔径不利于Cu2＋的吸附,低硅铝比有利于Cu2＋在分子筛上的吸附。     

三峡库区强降水的数值模拟及其在滑坡灾害预报中的应用

采用中尺度数值模式MM5V3对三峡库区22次强降水过程进行了数值模拟,以检验该模式对库区强降水的模拟能力和对高度场与温度场的模拟状况;详细介绍了该模式对一次强降水过程的模拟结果,并分析了该次降水的成因;将MMSV3模式与关于三峡库区滑坡发生的预报模型相结合,对发生在宜昌的一次滑坡灾害进行了预报试验。结果表明,中尺度数值模式MMSV3对三峡库区的强降水具有较好的模拟能力,能较好地刻画出降水的分布及其成因;模式预报的降水,结合库区滑坡预报方程成功预报了宜昌滑坡的发生;该方法为三峡库区滑坡灾害的预警提供了一种新思路。     

温度对农田N2O产生与排放的影响

以华东太湖地区的水稻－冬麦轮作农田为研究对象,采用基于箱法－气相色谱法的自动连续观测系统,对整个轮作周期的Ｎ２Ｏ排放和温度进行了同步自动连续观测,同时,在实验室开展了一系列的模拟实验,以研究Ｎ２Ｏ产生与排放过程的温度效应,实验研究结果表明,在土显度适宜的一定温度范围内,Ｎ２Ｏ排放对温度的依赖性可用指数函数Ｆ＝Ａｅ＾ａｔ来描述,轮作周期内显著Ｎ２Ｏ排放发生的频率随温度的变化呈正态分布,６７％的排放量     

汽车尾气净化催化剂Ag-ZSM-5选择性催化还原NO

评价了Ag-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂选择性还原NO的活性,并运用原位漫反射红外光谱研究NO在该催化剂上的选择性还原机理.结果表明,以丙烯为还原剂,有O₂(3.6%)存在时,Ag-ZSM-5有良好活性,在773K时N₀还原成N2的转化率达68.8%.基于漫反射红外光谱,认为N₀还原为N2的过程中,NO以NO_x吸附态形式与丙烯的活化物种C_xH_y或C_xH_yO_z反应,生成有机-氮氧化物(R-NO₂或R-ONO)中间体,再进一步反应,最终生成N₂;催化剂表面形成有机-氮氧化物是关键步骤,Ag的作用是促进形成NO_x,O₂ 的作用是促进C₃H₆活化及NO转化成Nox,并且O₂是有效产生有机-氮氧化物不可缺少的条件.     

6-2氟调醇在活性污泥中的降解

为了解6-2氟调醇(6-2 FTOH)在城市污水处理厂活性污泥中的好氧降解规律,利用室内模拟实验装置,研究了6-2FTOH在未经稀释驯化的活性污泥中的降解动力学及降解产物分布.结果表明,6-2 FTOH能被活性污泥快速吸附并发生降解,降解反应符合一级动力学,半衰期为0.9d.降解产物包括6-2氟调酸(6-2 FTCA)、6-2不饱和氟调酸(6-2 FTUCA)、5-3氟调酸(5-3 FTCA)、5-2s氟调醇(5-2s FTOH)和全氟己酸(PFHxA).第28 d实验结束时,6-2 FTOH残留率为5.5％,6-2 FTCA和6-2 FTUCA的最终产率分别为0和1.2％.5-3FTCA、5-2s FTOH、PFHxA最终产率分别为23.4％、17.6％和1.3％.     

好氧异养硝化菌Acinetobacter sp.YY-5的分离鉴定及脱氮机理

通过异养硝化培养基获得一株高效脱氮细菌,并通过形态学特征、生理生化反应及16S rDNA同源性比较对筛得菌株进行了鉴定;分别以NO3--N和NO2--N为唯一氮源,通过对脱氮过程中各种含氮代谢物的定量及对脱氮相关基因氨单加氧酶基因(amoA)、羟胺氧化酶基因(hao)、周质硝酸盐还原酶亚基基因(napA)的扩增及测序比较,对该菌株的生理途径及脱氮机理进行了研究.结果表明,高效脱氮细菌YY-5不能发生好氧反硝化,但能在3 d内将氨氮由95.23 mg/L降解至1.29 mg/L,降解率达妻98.6%,同时未发现亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮积累;对该菌主要代谢气体产物进行检测,发现CO2和N2明显增多,无N2O生成;经鉴定,初步判定该菌为不动杆菌属,命名为Acinetobacter sp.YY-5;从该菌基因组中均能扩增出amoA、hao、napA等基因,其中napA与hao基因与已报道的napA与hao基因进行Blaster较,发现具有较大差别.图6表3参15     

海洋苯酚降解菌Candida sp.P5的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从海洋沉积物中分离、筛选到一株能以苯酚作为唯一碳源和能源的酵母菌P5．根据菌落特征、菌体形态、生理生化特性和18SrDNA序列分析，确定菌株P5为假丝酵母菌属（Candicla　sp．）．该菌株最适宜生长和降解苯酚的条件为：温度25℃，pH6．0～7．0，摇床转速100r／min，需氧；菌株P5能在较高浓度的苯酚条件下生长，在72h内可以降解95％以上的苯酚．对苯酚代谢途径和相关酶的研究发现，菌株P5主要在邻苯二酚1，2-双加氧酶作用下通过邻位途径进行苯酚代谢．图7表2参24