Retrospective Assessment of the Parameters of Needle Retention in Scotch Pine

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

Eutrophication of Two Lakes in Kinmen Island (Taiwan)

Water quality was monitored for 12 months in Lake Tai and Lake Zon on Kinmen Island, Taiwan, and physico-chemical conditions were analyzed. No vertical temperature stratification was observed in these shallow lakes. pH is neutral to alkaline and associated with vigorous algal growth. Nitrogen levels are high and present in various forms due to progressive nitrification. Green and blue-green algae play an important part in the process of nitrification.

Assessment of lake eutrophication was made by the use of the N:P ratio, the Trophic State Index (TSI) and the US EPA Eutrophic Screening Model. the result of these calculations indicates eutrophic conditions in both lakes. It is advised that lake restoration be initiated and available techniques are listed.     

Variation in certain characters and properties of scotch pine needles in geographic cultures

Morphophysiological and anatomical characters of needles that are used for characterizing infraspecific taxa have been studied in Scotch pine geographic cultures established in the forest-steppe zone of Siberia. Variation in these characters has been revealed, which reflects the polymorphic structure of the species and the effect of natural selection on the composition of populations in new natural-cimatic conditions.     

Gradient Genogeographic Analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> L. Populations in Europe

Gradients of Nei's genetic distances between 15 samples of Pinus sylvestris L. trees were analyzed along three submeridional transects, from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean and Transcaucasia. As a result, distinct chorogenetic differentiation was revealed between the populations of this species growing in climatically specific regions of northern and southern Europe. Considerable Nei's distances (DN = 0.045–0.056) and their gradients, combined with differences in stable phenotypic characters (the composition of monoterpenes and morphological parameters of cones) determined at the Pyrenean and Caucasian mountain borders, suggest that the P. sylvestris species structure includes two South Eurasian subspecies, the Pyrenean P. sylvestris L., ssp. iberica Svoboda and the Transcaucasian P. sylvestris L., ssp. hamata (Stev.) Fomin.     

雷州半岛与海南岛砖红壤养分比较研究

雷州半岛与海南岛砖红壤养分比较研究罗凯（广东省徐闻县农村工作委员会，徐闻５２４１００）ＣｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆＮｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｓＣｏｎｔｅｎｔｏｆＬａｔｏｓｏｌｓｉｎＬｅｉｚｈｏｕＰｅｎｉｎｓｕｌａａｎｄＨａｉｎａｎＩｓｌａｎｄ￥ＬｕｏＫａｉ（Ｒｕｒ...     

Relationships among multiple trace elements in coastal Casuarina equisetifolia ecosystems on Hainan Island, South China

Forty-six trace elements in coastal Casuarina equisetifolia plant–soil systems at nine sampling sites on Hainan Island were analyzed using ICP-MS. The relationships among the trace elements of the same group or the same periodicity of the Periodic Table in the plants and soils were complex and no consistent patterns were found. More combinations of elements occurred with high positive correlation coefficients within the same periodicity than within the same group of the Periodic Table, and there were more high positive correlations in soils than in plants. However, there were many element combinations in Block d (transition elements) with high positive correlation coefficients in plants. Markedly high positive correlation coefficients between individual rare earth elements and Y and among Zr, Nb, Cd existed in both plants and soils. The dendrograms obtained by cluster analysis show that rare earth elements had very similar occurrence and distribution in both soils and plants. Thus, they behaved as a coherent group of elements both geochemically and biogeochemically. The transition elements were more coherent in plants than in soils.     

海南岛土壤中的铅

铅对动植物是有毒的,土壤中铅的含量过高,会引起人、畜的地方性疾病。研究结果表明,海南岛土壤中铅的含量大多数在10—40mg kg~(-1)之间,属于正常范围值,但玄武岩发育的土壤含铅量偏高,在230mg kg~(-1)左右。该岛土壤中铅的含量往往随剖面深度的增加而增大。因成土条件的差异,土壤铅含量有一定的地理分异规律,东北部玄武岩地区土壤含铅量比其它地区高数倍,西部干热地区土壤含铅量往往比东部湿热地区高。土壤中铅含量与土壤母质、质地、pH值和土壤中化合物种类等因素有关,但以土壤母质的影响更为突出。     

Ecological niche and phylogeny: the highly complex echolocation behavior of the trawling long-legged bat, Macrophyllum macrophyllum

Bats produce echolocation signals that reflect the sensory tasks they perform. In open air or over water, bats encounter few or no background echoes (clutter). Echolocation of such bats is the primary cue for prey perception and varies with the stage of approach to prey, typically comprising search, approach, and terminal group calls. In contrast, bats that glean stationary food from rough surfaces emit more uniform calls without a distinct terminal group. They use echolocation primarily for orientation in space and mostly need additional sensory cues for finding food because clutter echoes overlap strongly with food echoes. Macrophyllum macrophyllum is the only Neotropical leaf-nosed bat (Phyllostomidae) that hunts in clutter-poor habitat over water. As such, we hypothesized that, unlike all other members of its family, but similar to other trawling and aerial insectivorous bats, M. macrophyllum can hunt successfully by using only echolocation for prey perception. In controlled behavioral experiments on Barro Colorado Island, Panamá, we confirmed that echolocation alone is sufficient for finding prey in M. macrophyllum. Furthermore, we showed that pattern and structure of echolocation signals in M. macrophyllum are more similar to aerial and other trawling insectivorous bats than to close phylogenetic relatives. Particularly unique among phyllostomid bats, we found distinct search, approach, and terminal group calls in foraging M. macrophyllum. Call structure, however, consisting of short, multiharmonic, and steep frequency-modulated signals, closely resembled those of other phyllostomid bats. Thus, echolocation behavior in M. macrophyllum is shaped by ecological niche as well as by phylogeny.     

Dynamics of soil organic matter in primary and secondary forest succession on sandy soils in The Netherlands: An application of the ROMUL model

We applied the simulation model ROMUL of soil organic matter dynamics in order to analyse and predict forest soil organic matter (SOM) changes following stand growth and also to identify gaps of data and modelling problems. SOM build-up was analysed (a) from bare sand to forest soil during a primary succession in Scots pine forest and (b) on mature forest soil under Douglas fir plantations as an example of secondary succession in The Netherlands. As some of the experimental data were unreliable we compiled a set of various scenarios with different soil moisture regime, initial SOM pools and amount and quality of above and below ground litter input. This allowed us to find the scenarios that reflect the SOM dynamics more realistically. In the Scots pine forest, total litter input was estimated as 0.50 kg m⁻² year⁻¹. Two scenarios were defined for the test runs: (a) forest floor moisture regimes—‘dry, mesic and hydric’ and (b) augmenting a root litter pool with three ratios of needles and branches to roots: 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2.0. The scenario finally compiled had the following characteristics: (a) climate for dry site with summer drought and high winter moisture of forest floor; (b) a litter input of 0.25 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ above ground and 0.50 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ below ground; (c) a low nitrogen and ash content in all litter fall fractions. The test runs for the estimation of the initial SOM pools and the amount and proportion of above and below ground litter fall were also performed in the Douglas fir plantation. The inputs of above ground litter tested in various combinations were 0.30 and 0.60 kg m⁻² year⁻¹, and below ground litter 0.30, 0.60 and 0.90 kg m⁻² year⁻¹. The scenario that fitted the experimental data had an SOM pool of 20–25 kg m⁻², an aboveground litter input of 0.6 kg m⁻² year⁻¹and a below ground litter input of 0.9 kg m⁻² year⁻¹. The long-term simulation corresponded well with the observed patterns of soil organic matter accumulation associated with the forest soil development in primary and secondary succession. During primary succession in Scots pine forest on dry sand there is a consistent accumulation of a raw humus forest floor. The soil dynamics in the Douglas fir plantation also coincide with the observed patterns of SOM changes during the secondary succession, with SOM decreasing significantly under young forest, and SOM being restored in the older stands.     

崇明岛公路两侧蔬菜地土壤和蔬菜重金属污染研究

为了研究崇明岛公路两侧土壤和蔬菜重金属污染状况,采集陈海、北沿公路两侧蔬菜地土壤、蔬菜和路面灰尘样品,测定重金属Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn含量.结果表明,以上海市土壤环境背景值上限值为评价标准,所有土壤样品Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的超标率分别为10.1%、25.4%、6.5%和8.7%;以HJ 332-2006 食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准中蔬菜地土壤环境质量评价指标限值(pH值6.5～7.5)为标准,Cd超标率在21.0%,仅有不到3%样品Pb含量超标,而没有样品Cu、Zn含量超标.以国家食品卫生标准中规定的重金属限量为标准,路侧蔬菜样品Pb含量超标率为43.2%,Cd为18.6%,Zn和Cu则小于5%.由此可见,崇明岛主要公路两侧土壤污染以Cd为主,而蔬菜污染则以Pb为主.在长期运营的前提下,低交通量公路两侧50 m范围内耕作层土壤和两侧作物会发生一定程度的重金属污染,路面灰尘是路侧土壤和蔬菜的潜在污染源.