KLUM@GTAP: Introducing Biophysical Aspects of Land-Use Decisions into a Computable General Equilibrium Model a Coupling Experiment

In this paper, the global agricultural land use model Kleines Land Use Model is coupled to an extended version of the computable general equilibrium model (CGE) Global Trade Analysis Project in order to consistently assess the integrated impacts of climate change on global cropland allocation and its implication for economic development. The methodology is innovative as it introduces dynamic economic land-use decisions based also on the biophysical aspects of land into a state-of-the-art CGE; it further allows the projection of resulting changes in cropland patterns on a spatially more explicit level. A convergence test and illustrative future simulations underpin the robustness and potentials of the coupled system. Reference simulations with the uncoupled models emphasise the impact and relevance of the coupling; the results of coupled and uncoupled simulations can differ by several hundred percent.

C, δC and total C content in soils around a Brazilian PWR nuclear power plant

Nuclear power plants release ¹⁴C during routine operation mainly as airborne gaseous effluents. Because of the long half-life (5730 years) and biological importance of this radionuclide (it is incorporated in plant tissue by photosynthesis), several countries have monitoring programs in order to quantify and control these emissions. This paper compares the activity of ¹⁴C in soils taken within 1 km from a Brazilian nuclear power plant with soils taken within a reference area located 50 km away from the reactor site. Analyses of total carbon, δ¹³C and ¹³⁷Cs were also performed in order to understand the local soil dynamics. Except for one of the profiles, the isotopic composition of soil organic carbon reflected the actual forest vegetation present in both areas. The ¹³⁷Cs data show that the soils from the base of hills are probably allocthonous.     

中国“十四五”绿色消费衡量指标体系构建与战略展望

“十四五”期间,消费领域的绿色转型对推动经济社会整体绿色转型意义重大。本文通过借鉴国内外绿色消费衡量指标的理论研究与实践经验,探索构建了反映消费产品、消费行为、消费结果绿色,同时又涵盖衣、食、住、用、行等当前消费重点领域的绿色消费衡量指标体系。在此基础上,对绿色消费的现实状况以及变化趋势进行了分析,提出了“十四五”中国推动绿色消费的战略展望,为“十四五”时期中国推进绿色消费工作提供宏观决策参考。     

土壤水分和温度对西南喀斯特棕色石灰土无机碳释放的影响

为了探明环境因子对喀斯特土壤碳酸盐转化的影响,从而为深入理解土壤生态过程及碳循环提供理论依据.以典型喀斯特地区棕色石灰土和地带性红壤（对照）为研究对象,采用添加¹⁴C-CaCO₃室内培养100 d的方法,研究3种温度（15、25、35℃）和水分（30%、65%和100% WHC）条件下土壤无机碳释放特征.结果表明,不同水分和温度条件下,棕色石灰土无机碳释放速率最大值和100d累积最大释放量为0.7~16.8 mg·（kg·d）^-1和5.9~29.4 mg·kg^-1,红壤为39.7~103.3 mg·（kg·d）^-1和83.3~135.1 mg·kg^-1;干旱条件下（30% WHC）两种土壤无机碳累积释放量最大,随温度升高而增加,而且在65% WHC和100% WHC条件下,升温仍促进土壤无机碳释放;棕色石灰土无机碳释放的温度敏感性大于红壤,受土壤水分影响显著.添加碳酸钙后土壤pH和MBC含量均显著增加,两种土壤差异显著.方差分解结果表明,温度可解释无机碳释放7.6%的变异,水分解释变异的2.0%.因此在全球气候变化和极端降水事件增加的背景下,研究西南喀斯特土壤碳循环及其动态变化规律时,应充分考虑土壤水分和温度对土壤无机碳释放的影响.     

水稻光合同化碳向土壤有机碳库输入的定量研究:14C连续标记法

应用14C连续标记示踪技术,以当地主栽水稻品种"中优169"为供试作物,分别选取亚热带区4种典型稻田土壤,在密闭系统模拟研究水稻根际输入光合碳对土壤有机碳(SOC)及其组分的影响.结果表明,标记种植80 d后,水稻地上部和地下部的累积的总碳量范围分别为1.86～5.60 g.pot-1和0.46～0.78 g.pot-1.种植水稻后供试土壤的14C-SOC含量范围为114.3～348.2 mg.kg-1,而14C-DOC、14C-MBC含量范围为4.05～8.65 mg.kg-1、12.5～37.6 mg.kg-1.水稻生长期间内,不同土壤条件下,土壤14C-SOC与14C-水稻碳量的比率范围为5.09%～6.62%,这说明尽管不同土壤的光合生产能力不同,但根际沉积效率相似.土壤可溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)和SOC的更新率分别为6.72%～14.64%、1.70%～7.67%和0.73%～1.99%.而且,水稻光合碳的分配和转化对土壤活性碳组分的DOC、MBC含量变化影响较大,而对土壤有机碳影响较小.本研究进一步量化了水稻生长期间光合碳对土壤有机碳库各组分(SOC、DOC和MBC)的贡献,为水稻土有机质积累持续机制与固碳潜力研究提供了数据支撑.     

生态环境科技进展与“十四五”展望

科技是国之利器,持续改善生态环境、建设生态文明、打造美丽中国,离不开强有力的环境科技支撑。本文梳理总结我国"十三五"时期的生态环境科技进展,在分析生态环境科技发展趋势和"十四五"科技需求的基础上,提出构建生态环境质量改善、风险防控、智慧监管三大技术体系和完善激发创新活力、提升创新效能的能力支撑体系的科技发展目标,以及坚持问题导向、系统治理、创新引领、协同增效和深化改革的原则,并从基础研究、技术研发、方法体系、应用示范、创新能力、成果转化六个方面系统设置重点任务,由此推动科技更好地支撑引领生态环境保护中心工作。     

土壤自养微生物同化碳向土壤有机碳库输入的定量研究：14C连续标记法

自养微生物在土壤中广泛存在,但其CO2同化能力及其向土壤碳库的输入机制尚不明确.应用14C连续标记示踪技术,选取亚热带区4种典型稻田土壤在密闭系统模拟培养,探讨了土壤自养微生物同化碳向土壤碳库的输入过程和机制及其对土壤碳库活性组分的影响.结果表明,土壤微生物具有客观的CO2同化能力.标记培养110 d后,供试土壤的14C-SOC含量范围为69.06～133.81 mg.kg-1,而14C-DOC、14C-MBC含量范围为2.54～8.10 mg.kg-1、19.50～49.16 mg.kg-1.土壤自养微生物同化碳(14C-SOC)与其微生物截留碳(14C-MBC)呈极显著的正相关关系.土壤可溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)和SOC的更新率分别为5.65%～24.91%、4.23%～20.02%和0.58%～0.92%.而且,土壤自养微生物同化碳的输入对土壤活性碳组分的DOC、MBC含量变化影响较大,而对SOC影响较小.对微生物在土壤碳循环过程的基本功能的认识在本研究中得以丰富和加深.     

Illegal fishing and territorial user rights in Chile

Illegal fishing poses a major threat to conservation of marine resources worldwide. However, there is still limited empirical research that quantifies illegal catch levels. We used the randomized response technique to estimate the proportion of divers and the quantities of loco (Concholepas concholepas) they extracted illegally. Loco have been managed for the past 17 years through a territorial user rights for fisheries system (TURFs) in Chile. Illegal fishing of loco was widespread within the TURFs system. Official reported landings (i.e., legal landings) accounted for 14–30% of the total loco extraction. Our estimates suggest that ignoring the magnitude of illegal fishing and considering only official landing statistics may lead to false conclusions about the status and trends of a TURFs managed fishery. We found evidence of fisher associations authorizing their members to poach inside TURFs, highlighting the need to design TURFs systems so that government agencies and fishers’ incentives and objectives align through continuous adaptation. Government support for enforcement is a key element for the TURFs system to secure the rights that are in place.     

Participatory development of incentives to coexist with jaguars and pumas

Reducing costs and increasing benefits for rural communities coexisting with large carnivores is necessary for conservation of jaguar (Panthera onca) and puma (Puma concolor). To design acceptable incentives, stakeholders must be involved in the process. We conducted an innovative, structured, group communication process based on a Delphi technique as a template for identifying potential incentives. Community workshops with 133 members of 7 communities and surveys with 25 multidisciplinary experts from government, nongovernmental organizations, and academia provided iterative data to design a plan of incentives through 4 rounds of discussion. The final product integrated 862 ideas into 6 types of incentives: organization of communities, mechanisms for improved dialogue, citizen technical assistance, green labeling for community products, payment for the ecosystem service of biodiversity, and an assessment of financial alternatives. We used quantitative and qualitative techniques to indicate support for decisions about the design of incentives, which reduced researcher subjectivity. The diverse incentives developed and the cooperation from multiple stakeholders resulted in an incentive plan that integrated issues of governance, equity, and social norms.     

Cost shifting and other perverse incentives in biodiversity offsetting in India

Biodiversity offsetting aims to compensate for development‐induced biodiversity loss through commensurate conservation gains and is gaining traction among governments and businesses. However, cost shifting (i.e., diversion of offset funds to other conservation programs) and other perverse incentives can undermine the effectiveness of biodiversity offsetting. Additionality—the requirement that biodiversity offsets result in conservation outcomes that would not have been achieved otherwise—is fundamental to biodiversity offsetting. Cost shifting and violation of additionality can go hand in hand. India's national offsetting program is a case in point. Recent legislation allows the diversion of offset funds to meet the country's preexisting commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). With such diversions, no additional conservation takes place and development impacts remain uncompensated. Temporary additionality cannot be conceded in light of paucity of funds for preexisting commitments unless there is open acknowledgement that fulfillment of such commitments is contingent on offset funds. Two other examples of perverse incentives related to offsetting in India are the touting of inherently neutral offsetting outcomes as conservation gains, a tactic that breeds false complacency and results in reduced incentive for additional conservation efforts, and the clearing of native vegetation for commercial plantations in the name of compensatory afforestation, a practice that leads to biodiversity decline. The risks accompanying cost shifting and other perverse incentives, if not preempted and addressed, will result in net loss of forest cover in India. We recommend accurate baselines, transparent accounting, and open reporting of offset outcomes to ensure biodiversity offsetting achieves adequate and additional compensation for impacts of development.