Formation of secondary inorganic aerosols by power plant emissions exhausted through cooling towers in Saxony

Background, aim, and scope  The fraction of ambient PM₁₀ that is due to the formation of secondary inorganic particulate sulfate and nitrate from the emissions of two large, brown-coal-fired power stations in Saxony (East Germany) is examined. The power stations are equipped with natural-draft cooling towers. The flue gases are directly piped into the cooling towers, thereby receiving an additionally intensified uplift. The exhausted gas-steam mixture contains the gases CO, CO₂, NO, NO₂, and SO₂, the directly emitted primary particles, and additionally, an excess of ‘free’ sulfate ions in water solution, which, after the desulfurization steps, remain non-neutralized by cations. The precursor gases NO₂ and SO₂ are capable of forming nitric and sulfuric acid by several pathways. The acids can be neutralized by ammonia and generate secondary particulate matter by heterogeneous condensation on preexisting particles. Materials and methods  The simulations are performed by a nested and multi-scale application of the online-coupled model system LM-MUSCAT. The Local Model (LM; recently renamed as COSMO) of the German Weather Service performs the meteorological processes, while the Multi-scale Atmospheric Transport Model (MUSCAT) includes the transport, the gas phase chemistry, as well as the aerosol chemistry (thermodynamic ammonium–sulfate–nitrate–water system). The highest horizontal resolution in the inner region of Saxony is 0.7 km. One summer and one winter episode, each realizing 5 weeks of the year 2002, are simulated twice, with the cooling tower emissions switched on and off, respectively. This procedure serves to identify the direct and indirect influences of the single plumes on the formation and distribution of the secondary inorganic aerosols. Results and conclusions  Surface traces of the individual tower plumes can be located and distinguished, especially in the well-mixed boundary layer in daytime. At night, the plumes are decoupled from the surface. In no case does the resulting contribution of the cooling tower emissions to PM₁₀ significantly exceed 15 μgm⁻³ at the surface. These extreme values are obtained in narrow plumes on intensive summer conditions, whereas different situations with lower turbulence (night, winter) remain below this value. About 90% of the PM₁₀ concentrations in the plumes are secondarily formed sulfate, mainly ammonium sulfate, and about 10% originate from the primarily emitted particles. Under the assumptions made, ammonium nitrate plays a rather marginal role. Recommendations and perspectives  The analyzed results depend on the specific emission data of power plants with flue gas emissions piped through the cooling towers. The emitted fraction of ‘free’ sulfate ions remaining in excess after the desulfurization steps plays an important role at the formation of secondary aerosols and therefore has to be measured carefully.     

不同酸性气体及相对湿度对海盐氯损耗过程的影响

使用在广州南村站、深圳竹子林站及西涌站的MARGA仪器实测资料,分析了不同酸性气体及相对湿度对海盐氯损耗过程的影响.在分析深圳竹子林站、西涌站的海盐氯损耗中发现,竹子林站氯损耗平均为48.0％,西涌站海盐氯损耗平均为56.9％,氯损耗的峰值一般出现于下午14时.西涌站、竹子林站和广州南村站酸性气体和碱性气体均以HNO2、SO2、NH3为主,但各站点的比例分布不同,西涌站以HNO2最多(42％),SO2(32％)次之;竹子林站以NH3与SO2为主,百分比分别为36％和34％;广州南村站以SO2为主(58％),NH3次之(20％);而三站HNO3所占比例很小,均为7％.另外,分析了HCl的来源,主要关注了海盐粒子中的NaCl与HNO3反应、NH4Cl的挥发及H2SO4与NaCl的反应这3个来源,发现西涌站与竹子林站HCl和HNO3之间的线性关系较好(R2西涌=0.689,R2竹子林=0.594),说明西涌站与竹子林站的HCl主要来源于NaCl与HNO3反应过程中Cl被HNO3置换而成;而广州南村站二者线性关系较差(R2南村=0.295),说明还存在其他的损耗机制.在研究相对湿度对氯损耗的影响中发现,相对湿度低时氯损耗更容易发生.     

Carbonaceous matter in glacier at the headwaters of the Yangtze River: Concentration, sources and fractionation during the melting process

Carbonaceous matter has an important impact on glacial retreat in the Tibetan Plateau, further affecting the water resource supply. However, the related studies on carbonaceous matter are still scarce in Geladaindong (GLDD) region, the source of the Yangtze River. Therefore, the concentration, source and variations of carbonaceous matter at Ganglongjiama (GLJM) glacier in GLDD region were investigated during the melting period in 2017, which could deepen our understanding on carbonaceous matter contribution to glacier melting. The results showed that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of snowpit samples (283?±?200?μg/L) was much lower than that of precipitation samples (624?±?361?μg/L), indicating that large parts of DOC could be rapidly leached from the snowpit during the melting process. In contrast, refractory black carbon (rBC) concentration measured by Single Particle Soot Photometer of snowpit samples (4.27?±?3.15?μg/L) was much higher than that of precipitation samples (0.97?±?0.49?μg/L). Similarly, DOC with high mass absorption cross-section measured at 365?nm value was also likely to enrich in snowpit during the melting process. In addition, it was found that both rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability began to leach from the snowpit when melting process became stronger. Therefore, rBC and DOC with high light-absorbing ability exhibited similar behavior during the melting process. Based on relationship among DOC, rBC and K⁺ in precipitation, the main source of carbonaceous matter in GLJM glacier was biomass burning during the study period.     

城市污水处理厂生成的微生物气溶胶的污染特性

为探明城市污水厂生成的微生物气溶胶的污染特性,于2011年6～7月利用Andersen六级撞击式采样器对西安市第三污水处理厂不同污水处理单元的微生物气溶胶进行现场采样,利用平皿培养和菌落计数法检测分析了细菌、真菌和放线菌这3类微生物气溶胶的浓度、粒径分布和中值直径.结果表明,污水处理厂污泥脱水车间的细菌和放线菌气溶胶浓度最高,分别为7 866 CFU.m-3±960 CFU.m-3和2 139 CFU.m-3±227 CFU.m-3,而真菌气溶胶浓度最高出现在氧化沟,为2 156 CFU.m-3±119 CFU.m-3.细菌、真菌和放线菌气溶胶粒径分布均呈偏态型,其中细菌和真菌的粒径分布峰值出现在2.1～3.3μm范围,而放线菌气溶胶粒径分布峰值出现在1.1～2.1μm范围.总体上,污水厂中细菌气溶胶中值直径>真菌气溶胶中值直径>放线菌气溶胶中值直径.另外,微生物气溶胶的空间变化特征表现为粒径大的微生物气溶胶浓度减少率大.3类微生物气溶胶浓度减少率的变化程度从大到小依次为细菌>真菌>放线菌.     

冠状病毒气溶胶传播及环境影响因素

当前,新型冠状病毒肺炎正在全球大范围流行,严重影响了人类健康和生产生活.目前已明确的新型冠状病毒的传播途径包括飞沫传播和接触传播,一些传播感染事件的研究间接证明新型冠状病毒可以通过空气传播,然而对于新型冠状病毒通过气溶胶传播机制的认识仍然不足,其对疾病传播的相对贡献等还在研究和论证中.本文分析了引起重症急性呼吸综合征、中东呼吸综合征和新型冠状病毒肺炎的不同冠状病毒通过气溶胶传播的研究结果,评述了病毒气溶胶的产生机制、病毒气溶胶的空气动力学特征、冠状病毒在气溶胶中的存活规律及环境因素的影响、以及冠状病毒在室内外环境气溶胶中的赋存和传播情况,探讨了当前对于明确新型冠状病毒的气溶胶传播研究的不足以及跨学科研究的展望.     

Characteristics of size distributions and sources of water-soluble ions in Lhasa during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons

To understand the physical and chemical characteristics, particle size distribution and sources of size-separated aerosols in Lhasa, which is located on the Tibetan Plateau (TP), six sizes of aerosol samples were collected in Lhasa in 2014. Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, NO₃^?, SO₄^2?and Cl^? were the dominant ions. The ratio of cation equivalents (CE) to anion equivalents (AE) for each particle size segment indicated that the atmospheric aerosols in Lhasa were alkaline. SO₄^2? and NO3^? could be neutralized by Ca²⁺, but could not be neutralized by NH₄⁺, according to the [NH₄⁺]/[NO₃^??+?SO₄^2?] and [Ca²⁺]/[NO₃^??+?SO₄^2?] ratios. Mobile sources were dominant in PM_0.95–1.5, PM_1.5–3 and PM_3–7.2, while stationary sources were dominant in the other three size fractions according to the [NO₃^?]/[SO₄^2?] ratios. The particle size distribution of all water-soluble ions during monsoon and non-monsoon periods was characterized by a bimodal distribution due to the different sources and formation mechanisms, and it was revealed that different ions had different sources in different seasons and different particle size segments by combining particle size distribution with correlation analysis. Source analysis of aerosols in Lhasa was performed using the Principal component analysis (PCA) for the first time, which revealed that combustion sources, motor vehicle exhaust, photochemical reaction sources and various types of dust were the main sources of Lhasa aerosols. Furthermore, Lhasa''s air quality was also affected by long-distance transmission, expressed as pollutants from South Asiaand West Asia, which were transmitted to Lhasa according to backward trajectory analysis.     

天津市PM2.5中氮含量及同位素的昼夜及季节变化

为研究天津市大气气溶胶中氮的来源,分析了2016年夏、冬两季昼夜采集的细颗粒物气溶胶（PM_2.5）中无机离子浓度和氮同位素组成（δ¹⁵N）.结果显示：天津市冬季平均PM_2.5质量浓度（207 μg/m³）远高于夏季（40.1 μg/m³）,冬季PM_2.5的δ¹⁵N值（+5.1‰）低于夏季（+10.7‰）,即夏季PM_2.5较冬季更富集¹⁵N;夏季PM_2.5中NH₄⁺的平均浓度高于c（NO₃^–）,但是冬季NO₃^–浓度最高,其次是c（NH₄⁺）>c（SO₄^2–）;此外,通过对比昼夜样品,夏季PM_2.5中氮含量和氮同位素组成在昼夜均表现出明显差异,而冬季不明显.结果表明,天津市夏季气溶胶中含氮化合物在昼夜受海陆风的影响,即白天受海洋气溶胶影响较大而夜间则为陆源气溶胶物质影响,然而冬季受东亚季风的影响削弱了海陆风对海陆间大气气溶胶的交换作用,且在冬季化石燃料燃烧源氮贡献较大.     

Role of secondary aerosols in haze formation in summer in the Megacity Beijing

A field experiment from 18 August to 8 September 2006 in Beijing, China, was carried out. A hazy day was defined as visibility 10 km and RH(relative humidity) 90%. Four haze episodes, which accounted for ~ 60% of the time during the whole campaign, were characterized by increases of SNA(sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and SOA(secondary organic aerosol) concentrations. The average values with standard deviation of SO2-+4, NO-3, NH4 and SOA were 49.8(± 31.6), 31.4(±22.3), 25.8(±16.6) and 8.9(±4.1) μg/m3, respectively, during the haze episodes, which were 4.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 1.7 times those in the non-haze days. The SO2-4,NO-3, NH+4, and SOA accounted for 15.8%, 8.8%, 7.3%, and 6.0% of the total mass concentration of PM10 during the non-haze days. The respective contributions of SNA species to PM10 rose to about27.2%, 15.9%, and 13.9% during the haze days, while the contributions of SOA maintained the same level with a slight decrease to about 4.9%. The observed mass concentrations of SNA and SOA increased with the increase of PM10 mass concentration, however, the rate of increase of SNA was much faster than that of the SOA. The SOR(sulfur oxidation ratio) and NOR(nitrogen oxidation ratio) increased from non-haze days to hazy days, and increased with the increase of RH. High concentrations of aerosols and water vapor favored the conversion of SO2 to SO2-4and NO2 to NO-3, which accelerated the accumulation of the aerosols and resulted in the formation of haze in Beijing.     

长江中下游地区21世纪气候变化情景预测

利用IPCC数据分发中心提供的7个模式的模拟结果,分析了由于人类活动影响,温室气体(GG)增加以及温室气体和硫化物气溶胶(GS)共同增加时,长江中下游地区未来50～100年的气候变化情景.结果表明,长江中下游地区21世纪的未来温度变化与全球和全国一样,都将呈增加的趋势.GG作用下,2050年和2100年长江中下游地区的变暖幅度分别为2.2℃和4.5℃左右,比全国以及东部和西部地区的变暖幅度小;GS作用下2050年和2100年,其分别为1.2℃和3.9℃,总体上,长江中下游地区的变暖幅度低于全球与全国的变暖幅度.各个季节相比,春季和冬季的增温幅度最大,夏季最小,在两种情形下,长江中下游地区21世纪中期夏季温度将分别增加2.3和0.8℃,2100年将分别增加4.1和3.1℃.对降水变化的分析表明,GG作用下,长江中下游地区与全球、全国以及中国西部和东部地区相比,降水增加的幅度最大;GS作用下,降水增加趋势不明显;综合7个模式的模拟结果,GG作用下,春季和秋季降水增加最明显,夏季次之;GS作用下,长江中下游地区的年平均降水变化不明显,夏季降水增加.同时,本文还对长江中下游地区21世纪中期和末期的温度和降水变化的地理分布进行了分析,两种情形下,都是长江以北的增温幅度大于长江以南.GG作用下,春季长江中下游地区21世纪中期降水将增加5%～7.5%,夏季则是长江下游地区降水增加较大,将增加10%,而长江中游地区降水增加不明显;21世纪末,春季和夏季长江中下游地区的降水增加幅度都将加大,尤其是长江以南地区的降水增加最明显;考虑GG和GS的共同影响后,长江以南的地区降水增加,长江以北地区降水减少.     

新疆地区气溶胶对地表太阳辐射的影响初探

为了进一步认识大气气溶胶对气候环境的影响,基于2017年Aqua MODIS C006气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,AOD）产品、CERES SSF Aqua MODIS Edition 4A数据集的地表短波辐射以及地面观测太阳辐射数据,对2017年新疆地区AOD和地表太阳辐射年变化进行研究,并以沙尘和人类活动气溶胶丰富的南疆典型地区喀什为代表城市,采用AccuRT辐射传输模式定量化研究晴空时气溶胶对地表短波辐射的影响.结果表明：①地表太阳辐射月均值最大值出现在和田站的5月,为441.62 W·m^-2,最小值出现在乌鲁木齐站点的12月,为37.03 W·m^-2;CERES/SSF地表短波辐射资料与地面观测结果相比,阿克苏站、焉耆站和伊宁站的差距最小,喀什站和若羌站全年存在高估现象,其他站点存在不同程度的高低估现象.②2017年新疆地区AOD格点平均的年均值最小值为0.0175,最大值为0.4610,南疆地区的AOD整体高于北疆地区;2017年AOD格点春夏季的AOD均值分布与全年均值分布特征相似,其中春季的AOD高值区区域面积高于其他季节.③根据AccuRT计算,当AOD由0.05增加为0.56时,四季的地表向下短波总辐射均呈下降趋势,夏季下降幅度最大,由923.02 W·m^-2变化为677.61 W·m^-2,其次为春季和秋季,冬季下降幅度最小.AOD的减少变化导致的地表向下短波总辐射通量、直射辐射通量和散射辐射通量变化敏感度明显高于AOD增加所导致的变化敏感度.