COVID-19管控期间气象条件变化对京津冀PM2.5浓度影响

2020年初新冠肺炎疫情（COVID-19）暴发后,中国多地实施了严格的管控措施,导致污染物排放量明显下降.但在减排实施的情况下,京津冀PM_2.5等污染物浓度较过去5 a同期却明显增长,出现了两次PM_2.5重度污染事件.利用欧洲中心ERA5再分析资料分析发现,相对于过去5 a, COVID-19管控期间京津冀地区的气象场表现为偏高的相对湿度、偏低的边界层高度和边界层内异常的辐合上升运动,有利于颗粒物的吸湿增长和二次转化,不利于污染物垂直方向上的扩散.此外,利用WRF-Chem模式开展敏感性试验发现,在京津冀中部地区气象场的变化导致2020年管控期间ρ(PM_2.5)升高了20～55μg·m^-3,升高比例高达60%～170%.进一步利用过程诊断分析法得出,增强的气溶胶化学过程和不利的湍流扩散条件是2020年COVID-19管控期间PM_2.5浓度升高的主要原因.在当今减排的大背景下,边界层高度和相对湿度的变化可能成为预报预测京津冀地区PM_2.5污染事件的重要指标...     

基于高分辨率在线观测数据分析上海市城区秋冬季大气有机气溶胶化学特征及污染来源

有机气溶胶(OA)不仅是大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的重要组成部分,其与臭氧(O₃)污染也密切相关.采用气溶胶在线热脱附(TAG)系统对上海市城区秋冬季大气PM_2.5中94种有机分子示踪物浓度进行了在线观测,分析了不同气流轨迹影响下有机气溶胶的组成分布特征以及大气氧化性对其生成的影响.结果表明,本地气团影响下的OA组成以饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸和正构烷烃等指示一次来源的有机分子示踪物为主,偏北长距离输送影响下的OA则含有较高比例的生物质燃烧示踪物.与本地气团和长距离输送气团不同,海面气团携带的OA主要由二羧酸和羟基羧酸类指示二次来源的有机分子示踪物构成,其生成受光化学和液相氧化过程影响显著.进一步运用正定矩阵因子分解法(PMF)对PM_2.5和OA污染来源进行解析,获得7类一次排放源和5类二次生成源,其中,二次硝酸盐对PM_2.5浓度贡献率最为突出(25.2%),移动源则对OA浓度贡献率最高(24.0%).污染过程中,燃煤源、移动源和餐饮源等人为源及其相关的二次生成源(二次硝酸盐、二...     

含铁颗粒物的溶解动力学研究进展

气溶胶沉降是开放大洋可溶性铁的主要来源之一,对海洋初级生产力有重要影响.目前气溶胶可溶性铁的沉降通量仍存在很大的不确定性.主要原因包括：（1）不同来源的气溶胶中可溶性铁的含量差异较大;（2）发生在大气传输中的化学反应能够显著影响气溶胶中铁元素的可溶性.本文总结了过去20a国内外关于含铁颗粒物溶解动力学实验室研究的主要结果,以阐明液相反应对铁可溶性的增强作用.归纳了典型含铁颗粒物在质子促进溶解、配体促进溶解及光还原溶解机制作用下的溶解动力学特征,指出pH值、阴离子类型和光照决定了含铁颗粒物的溶解机制,以及铁的存在形式是决定颗粒物中铁潜在可溶性的最主要因素,最后简单展望该领域未来的发展方向.     

Source apportionment of fine carbonaceous particles by positive matrix factorization at Gosan background site in East Asia

Fine particle (aerodynamic diameter <2.5 microm) samples were collected during six intensive measurement periods from November 2001 to August 2003 at Gosan, Jeju Island, Korea, which is one of the representative background sites in East Asia. Chemical composition of these aerosol samples including major ion components, trace elements, organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed to study the impact of long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosol. Aerosol chemical composition data were then analyzed using the positive matrix factorization (PMF) technique in order to identify the possible sources and estimate their contribution to particulate matter mass. Fourteen sources were then resolved including soil dust, fresh sea salt, transformed natural source, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, secondary organic carbon, diesel vehicle, gasoline vehicle, fuel oil combustion, biomass burning, coal combustion, municipal incineration, metallurgical emission source, and volcanic emission. The PMF analysis results of source contributions showed that the natural sources including soil dust, fresh and aged sea salt, and volcanic emission contributed to about 20% of the measured PM(2.5) mass. Other primary anthropogenic sources such as diesel and gasoline vehicle, coal and fuel oil combustion, biomass burning, municipal incineration, metallurgical source contributed about 34% of PM(2.5) mass. Especially, the secondary aerosol mainly involved with sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and organic carbon contributed to about 39% of the PM(2.5) mass.     

Enrichment and transfer of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through dust aerosol generation from soil to the air

● Compositional patterns of PAHs in dust aerosol vary from soil during dust generation. ● The EF of PAH in dust aerosol is affected by soil texture and soil PAH concentration. ● The sizes of dust aerosol play an important role in the enrichment of HMW-PAHs. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are major organic pollutants in soil. It is known that they are released to the atmosphere by wind via dust aerosol generation. However, it remains unclear how these pollutants are transferred through the air/soil interface. In this study, dust aerosols were generated in the laboratory using soils (sandy loam and loam) with various physicochemical properties. The PAH concentrations of these soils and their generated dust aerosol were measured, showing that the enrichment factors (EFs) of PAHs were affected by soil texture, PAH contamination level, molecular weight of PAH species and aerosol sizes. The PAHs with higher EFs (6.24–123.35 in dust PM_2.5; 7.02–47.65 in dust PM₁₀) usually had high molecular weights with more than four aromatic rings. In addition, the positive correlation between EFs of PAHs and the total OC_aerosol content of dust aerosol in different particle sizes was also statistically significant (r = 0.440, P < 0.05). This work provides insights into the relationship between atmospheric PAHs and the contaminated soils and the transfer process of PAHs through the soil-air interface.     

上海气溶胶中可溶态营养盐含量及影响因素

为研究上海气溶胶中可溶性营养盐的含量及其变化趋势,在上海华东师范大学采集大气干沉降样品,并分析了2007年6月至2009年3月期间的27个样品中的可溶态营养盐,包括NO3-+NO2-、NH4+、PO43-和SiO32-.以Milli-Q水和盐酸(pH2)连续提取发现,绝大部分硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐(94%)和铵盐(96%)可直接溶解在水中,但硅酸盐(34%)和磷酸盐(50%)在水中溶出的量小于或等于在盐酸中溶出的量.结合大气后向轨迹分析发现,气溶胶的起源和传输途径对营养盐的含量有重要影响.陆源气溶胶颗粒中水溶态NO3-+NO2-和NH4+的质量浓度大于其他类型的气溶胶,但水溶态PO43-和SiO32-在不同类型气溶胶中的浓度差别不大.在降水和来源的双重因素影响下,大气中水溶态营养盐浓度表现为春冬季节高于夏秋季节,具有明显的季节变化特征.     

鹤山大气超级站旱季单颗粒气溶胶化学特征研究

利用单颗粒气溶胶飞行时间质谱等仪器在鹤山大气超级站开展综合观测,结合ART-2a自适应共振神经网络聚类算法,将2013年11月4日~2013年12月30日期间监测到的1637330个细颗粒分成9类: EC-Fresh颗粒、EC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒、K-EC颗粒、Ca-EC颗粒、ECOC颗粒、OC-Levoglucosan颗粒、OC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒、K-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒和Metal-rich颗粒.结果表明:该大气超级站所在地区旱季霾日有利于与水溶性二次无机组分混合的EC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒、K-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒的累积;晴朗天更有利于二次有机组分在气溶胶颗粒中生成,雨天受当地排放源的影响显著,含有较高EC-Fresh和K-EC颗粒.相关性的研究发现,EC-Nitrate/Sulfate颗粒与能见度有良好的相关性,它们对霾的形成有至关重要的作用.     

Chemical composition and size distribution of secondary organic aerosol formed from the photooxidation of isoprene

Photooxidation of isoprene leads to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, the chemical composition of SOA formed from OH-initiated photooxidation of isoprene has been investigated with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and a home-made aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Sampling particles generated in a home-made smog chamber. The size distribution of SOA particles was detected by a TSI 3321 aerodynamic particle size spectrometer in real time. Results showed that SOA created by isoprene photooxidation was predominantly in the form of fine particles, which have diameters less than 2.5 m. The obtained mass spectra of individual particles show that products of the OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene contain methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, formaldehyde, and some other hydroxycarbonyls. The possible reaction mechanisms leading to these products were also discussed.     

南京市大气气溶胶中酞酸酯的分布特征

利用分级采样器采样 ,高效液相色谱检测 ,研究了南京市春夏秋冬四季六大功能区 (工业区 ,交通区 ,文化区 ,商业区 ,园林风景区和居民生活区 )大气气溶胶中的酞酸酯 .结果表明 :南京市大气气溶胶中检出的酞酸酯有 :邻苯二甲酸二甲酯 (DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯 (DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯 (DEHP) ,其含量随功能区和季节而变化 ,平均浓度具有工业区 >居民区 >交通区 >商业区 >文化区 >园林风景区和秋、冬季浓度高于春、夏季的分布特征     

Seasonal variation of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM10 in a city of northwestern Turkey

The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of inorganic ions present in particulate matter smaller than 10 µm (PM₁₀), released into the environment by industrial, domestic and mobile sources in Duzce. To assess spatial variations, samples were collected from two sampling sites that had urban and suburban characteristics. Further, the process was carried out in two seasons to understand the seasonal variations. An ion chromatography device was used for analyzing the inorganic ion content in the collected samples. The highest levels of inorganic ion concentrations were measured at the urban sampling site during the winter campaign. Furthermore, the highest ion concentrations were measured for SO₄^2? ion at both sampling sites and during both seasons, while the lowest concentrations were measured for Br^?. Moreover, there were significant relationships between meteorological parameters and ion concentrations. A comparison of the cation and anion equivalence values using seasonal CE/AE (cation equivalence/anion equivalence) ratios showed that the aerosol matter had alkaline characteristics during both seasons. The mean value for the CE/AE ratios was 1.58 in winter and 2.06 in summer at the urban sampling site and 1.36 in winter and 1.52 in summer at the suburban sampling site. The interrelationships among the ions were determined by Pearson correlation analysis. Based on the correlation analyses, the ions emitted from common sources and those exposed to similar atmospheric conditions displayed strong correlations with each other.