某沿海城市典型行业NMHCs排放特征及对二次污染物生成潜势研究

采用SUMMA罐采样、GC-FID技术分析了威海市渔具、造船和橡胶等6种典型行业代表企业废气中59种非甲烷碳氢化合物(NMHCs)组分及占比,并计算了各行业NMHCs的臭氧(O3)和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成潜势,提出了NMHCs治理建议.结果表明,涉及溶剂使用的渔具、造船、汽车制造业喷涂工序的NMHCs组分以芳香烃...     

齐齐哈尔市春季PM2.5中水溶性离子特征分析

2014年4—6月,在齐齐哈尔大学设立采样点,采集PM2.5样品。采用离子色谱法测定其中的主要水溶性无机离子,分析主要组成及污染来源。结果表明,齐齐哈尔市春季PM2.5平均质量浓度为46μg/m3,水溶性无机离子平均质量浓度为20.67μg/m3,占PM2.5质量浓度的42.82%。齐齐哈尔市PM2.5中二次组分主要以酸式硫酸盐形式存在。来源分析发现,PM2.5主要来源于移动源(如汽车尾气)、生物质燃烧及垃圾焚烧、固定源(化石燃料燃烧)、土壤及建筑尘。     

合肥市黑炭气溶胶浓度分布和变化特征研究

根据合肥市黑炭气溶胶自动在线监测结果、相关污染物监测数据、气象数据,分析了合肥市城区黑炭气溶胶的浓度分布特征。结果表明,2013年6月—2014年5月黑炭浓度的年平均值为(4.88±2.99)μg/m3,总体呈现春夏季浓度较低、秋冬季浓度较高的分布。黑炭浓度日变化呈双峰型,峰值出现在早07:00和晚20:00,早间峰值受大气扩散条件和人为活动的共同影响,晚间峰值受人为活动影响较大。在与其他污染物的相关性研究中,黑炭浓度与粒径较小的颗粒物PM1质量浓度相关性最好,波长为950 nm的测量通道测得的黑碳气溶胶与元素碳的相关性最好。     

Iron isotopic fractionation in industrial emissions and urban aerosols

A study on tropospheric aerosols involving Fe particles with an industrial origin is tackled here. Aerosols were collected at the largest exhausts of a major European steel metallurgy plant and around its near urban environment. A combination of bulk and individual particle analysis performed by SEM–EDX provides the chemical composition of Fe-bearing aerosols emitted within the factory process (hematite, magnetite and agglomerates of these oxides with sylvite (KCl), calcite (CaCO₃) and graphite carbon). Fe isotopic compositions of those emissions fall within the range (0.08‰ < δ⁵⁶Fe < +0.80‰) of enriched ores processed by the manufacturer (−0.16‰ < δ⁵⁶Fe < +1.19‰). No significant evolution of Fe fractionation during steelworks processes is observed. At the industrial source, Fe is mainly present as oxide particles, to some extent in 3–4 μm aggregates. In the close urban area, 5 km away from the steel plant, individual particle analysis of collected aerosols presents, in addition to the industrial particle type, aluminosilicates and related natural particles (gypsum, quartz, calcite and reacted sea salt). The Fe isotopic composition (δ⁵⁶Fe = 0.14 ± 0.11‰) measured in the close urban environment of the steel metallurgy plant appears coherent with an external mixing of industrial and continental Fe-containing tropospheric aerosols, as evidenced by individual particle chemical analysis. Our isotopic data provide a first estimation of an anthropogenic source term as part of the study of photochemically promoted dissolution processes and related Fe fractionations in tropospheric aerosols.     

Ubiquity of bisphenol A in the atmosphere

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a suspected endocrine disruptor in the environment. However, little is known about its distribution and transport in the atmosphere. Here, the concentrations of BPA in the atmospheric aerosols from urban, rural, marine, and the polar regions were measured using solvent extraction/derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique. The concentrations of BPA (1-17,400 pg m⁻³) ranged over 4 orders of magnitude in the world with a declining trend from the continent (except for the Antarctica) to remote sites. A positive correlation was found between BPA and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, a tracer for plastic burning, in urban regions, indicating that the open burning of plastics in domestic waste should be a significant emission source of atmospheric BPA. Our results suggest that the ubiquity of BPA in the atmosphere may raise a requirement for the evaluation of health effects of BPA in order to control its emission sources, for example, from plastic burning.     

Multivariate statistics to investigate metal contamination in surface soil

The modification of soil composition in the urbanized area of Ankara due to wet-dry deposition and pollution-derived particles from the atmosphere is investigated by analyzing 120 surface soil samples, collected from the urbanized area and its un-urbanized surrounding, for major, minor and trace elements. Concentrations of elements from human activity (e.g. Cd, Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu and Ca) in the urbanized area were higher than their corresponding concentrations in global average soil and soil in un-urbanized areas outside the urbanized area. Metal contents in soil were very high in densely populated districts and around some industrial facilities. The only exception was Pb distribution, which was more dispersed, due to the nature of motor vehicle emissions. Alteration of the Cd, Zn, Cu and Cr content of soil was confined to the inhabited and industrial areas, whereas enrichment factors of these elements were close to unity in the remaining study area. Factor analysis identified two polluted soil factor associations. One factor includes elements, such as Zn and Cd, which had high factor scores in inhabited areas and the other factor (high loading of Pb) represents soil polluted by motor vehicle emissions.     

Po-210 and Pb-210 as atmospheric tracers and global atmospheric Pb-210 fallout: a review

Over the past ∼5 decades, the distribution of ²²²Rn and its progenies (mainly ²¹⁰Pb, ²¹⁰Bi and ²¹⁰Po) have provided a wealth of information as tracers to quantify several atmospheric processes that include: i) source tracking and transport time scales of air masses; ii) the stability and vertical movement of air masses iii) removal rate constants and residence times of aerosols; iv) chemical behavior of analog species; and v) washout ratios and deposition velocities of aerosols. Most of these applications require that the sources and sink terms of these nuclides are well characterized.Utility of ²¹⁰Pb, ²¹⁰Bi and ²¹⁰Po as atmospheric tracers requires that data on the ²²²Rn emanation rates is well documented. Due to low concentrations of ²²⁶Ra in surface waters, the ²²²Rn emanation rates from the continent is about two orders of magnitude higher than that of the ocean. This has led to distinctly higher ²¹⁰Pb concentrations in continental air masses compared to oceanic air masses. The highly varying concentrations of ²¹⁰Pb in air as well the depositional fluxes have yielded insight on the sources and transit times of aerosols. In an ideal enclosed air mass (closed system with respect to these nuclides), the residence times of aerosols obtained from the activity ratios of ²¹⁰Pb/²²²Rn, ²¹⁰Bi/²¹⁰Pb, and ²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb are expected to agree with each other, but a large number of studies have indicated discordance between the residence times obtained from these three pairs. Recent results from the distribution of these nuclides in size-fractionated aerosols appear to yield consistent residence time in smaller-size aerosols, possibly suggesting that larger size aerosols are derived from resuspended dust. The residence times calculated from the ²¹⁰Pb/²²²Rn, ²¹⁰Bi/²¹⁰Pb, and ²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb activity ratios published from 1970’s are compared to those data obtained in size-fractionated aerosols in this decade and possible reasons for the discordance is discussed with some key recommendations for future studies.The existing global atmospheric inventory data of ²¹⁰Pb is re-evaluated and a ‘global curve’ for the depositional fluxes of ²¹⁰Pb is established. A current global budget for atmospheric ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb is also established. The relative importance of dry fallout of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb at different latitudes is evaluated. The global values for the deposition velocities of aerosols using ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb are synthesized.     

2016年10～11月期间北京市大气颗粒物污染特征与传输规律

本研究采用气溶胶化学组分在线监测仪（ACSM）对北京地区2016年10月15日~11月15日期间非难熔性PM₁（NR-PM₁）化学组分进行实时连续在线观测,探讨了NR-PM₁化学组分的演变特征;运用潜在源贡献分析（PSCF）法和气象-空气质量模式（WRF-CAMx）识别了北京PM_2.5潜在污染源区和传输路径,揭示了PM_2.5净传输通量的垂直分布特征.结果表明,北京秋季NR-PM₁和PM_2.5质量浓度分别为（59.16±57.05）μg·m^-3和（89.82±66.66）μg·m^-3,其中NR-PM₁平均占PM_2.5的（70.31±22.28）%.整个观测期间,有机物（Org）、硝酸盐（NO₃^-）、硫酸盐（SO₄^2-）、铵盐（NH₄⁺）和氯化物（Chl）分别占NR-PM₁总质量浓度的（42.75±11.35）%、（21.27±7.72）%、（19.11±7.08）%、（12.19±2.64）%和（4.68±3.24）%,不同化学组分的日变化特征存在明显差异.对北京秋季NR-PM₁污染影响较大的潜在源区主要集中在河北南部、河南东北部及山东西部,重污染期间保定、北京南部及廊坊等城市对NR-PM₁贡献较大.WRF-CAMx模拟结果表明,PM_2.5总的净传输通量呈现出显著的垂直分布特征.整个观测期间,毗邻城市主要向北京输入PM_2.5,净通量最大出现在海拔600~1000 m;而重污染前期外来源输送PM_2.5主要位于高空,直到污染最严重的11月5日,PM_2.5转为近地面传输,说明高空和近地面传输是影响北京秋季PM_2.5重污染形成的重要因素.同时鉴别出了两种传输路径,即西南-东北方向（保定→北京→承德）和西北-东南方向（张家口→北京→廊坊北→天津）.     

Pollution sources of atmospheric fine particles and secondary aerosol characteristics in Beijing

To investigate the secondary formation and pollution sources of atmospheric particles in urban Beijing, PM_2.5 and its chemical components were collected and determined by URG-9000D ambient ion monitor (AIM) from March 2016 to January 2017. Among water-soluble ions (WSIs), NO₃^?, SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺ (SNA) had the largest proportion (77.8%) with the total concentration of 23.8 μg/m³. Moreover, as fine particle pollution worsened, the NO₃^?, SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺ concentrations increased basically, which revealed that secondary aerosols were the main cause of particle pollution in Beijing. Furthermore, the particle neutralization ratio (1.1), the ammonia to sulfate molar ratio (3.4) and the nitrate to sulfate molar ratio (2.2) showed that secondary aerosols are under ammonium-rich conditions with the main chemical forms of NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄, and vehicle emission could be the main anthropogenic source of secondary aerosols in Beijing. Source analysis further indicated that secondary aerosols, solid fuel combustion, dust and marine aerosol were the principal pollution sources of PM_2.5, accounting for about 46.1%, 22.4% and 13.0%, respectively, and Inner Mongolia and Hebei Provinces could be considered as the main potential sources of PM_2.5 in urban Beijing. In addition, secondary formation process was closely related with gaseous precursor emission amounts (SO₂, NO₂, NH₃ and HONO), atmospheric ozone concentration (O₃), meteorological conditions (temperature and relative humidity) and particle components. Sensitive analysis of the thermodynamic equilibrium model (ISORROPIA II) revealed that controlling total nitrate (TN) is the effective measure to mitigate fine particle pollution in Beijing.     

北京及周边地区大气近地面层真菌气溶胶的变化特征

2005年4月~2006年10月期间,利用Andersen六级空气生物采样器分别在北京、兴隆和香河3地区不同的季节进行外场采样观测,研究了大城市及其周边地区近地面层大气中真菌气溶胶菌群种类与浓度,粒度的季节变化规律及其分布特征.研究发现,3地区大气中真菌气溶胶的生物多样性变化明显,其优势菌群类型的季节变化显著;3地区大气真菌气溶胶数浓度的季节变化规律各不相同;北京市大气中真菌气溶胶数浓度的日变化显著,但未发现固定模式.