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61.
Emissions trading in the European Union (EU), covering the least uncertain emission sources of greenhouse gas emission inventories (CO2 from combustion and selected industrial processes in large installations), began in 2005. During the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008–2012), the emissions trading between Parties to the Protocol will cover all greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6) and sectors (energy, industry, agriculture, waste, and selected land-use activities) included in the Protocol. In this paper, we estimate the uncertainties in different emissions trading schemes based on uncertainties in corresponding inventories. According to the results, uncertainty in emissions from the EU15 and the EU25 included in the first phase of the EU emissions trading scheme (2005–2007) is ±3% (at 95% confidence interval relative to the mean value). If the trading were extended to CH4 and N2O, in addition to CO2, but no new emissions sectors were included, the tradable amount of emissions would increase by only 2% and the uncertainty in the emissions would range from −4 to +8%. Finally, uncertainty in emissions included in emissions trading under the Kyoto Protocol was estimated to vary from −6 to +21%. Inclusion of removals from forest-related activities under the Kyoto Protocol did not notably affect uncertainty, as the volume of these removals is estimated to be small. 相似文献
62.
中国政府提出要力争在2030年前实现碳达峰,因此积极探索不同发展模式下典型地区的碳达峰时间和峰值十分必要.将门限回归模型与STIRPAT模型相结合,构建门限-STIRPAT扩展模型,分析华东地区7个省市2005-2019年的碳排放,结合情景分析法,分别预测华东地区各省市2020-2040年的碳排放.结果表明:在基准情景的发展模式下,华东地区各省市均可在2030年实现碳达峰目标;在节能发展情景和绿色发展情景的模式下,各省市可以提前4~5年实现碳达峰目标.对于华东地区的7个省份,建议上海、江苏和浙江应以节能发展情景为标准进行产业发展规划;安徽、福建、江西和山东适合选择基准情景,并力争以节能发展情景为标准,布局产业发展. 相似文献
63.
64.
本文首先基于多区域投入产出模型,结合能源驱动的PM2.5排放清单,构建了2017年中国环境拓展的多区域投入产出表。而后,以生产侧与消费侧的双视角测算了2017年我国30个省份贸易中隐含PM2.5排放与增加值的转移特征,并基于排放与增加值的净转移矩阵借助区域环境不公平指数对省际贸易中PM2.5污染排放与经济利益交换的公平性进行测度。结果表明,省际贸易中隐含PM2.5与隐含增加值的转移流向相反,中部与东北等相对欠发达地区是隐含PM2.5的主要流入地,而沿海地区发达省份是隐含增加值的主要流入地。发达省份通过省际贸易既可一定程度上避免PM2.5污染也可获得来自外省(区、市)的经济利益,具有环境与经济的双优势,而部分欠发达省份则是环境与经济双失。区域环境不公平指数的测度结果表明,发达省份与欠发达省份之间存在明显的差值,欠发达地区在省际贸易中面临相对明显的环境不公平挑战。最后,建立了省际贸易污染补偿机制与方案以缓解环境不公平性。 相似文献
65.
基于便携式排放测试系统(PEMS)和油耗监测设备,选取了8台国四排放阶段非道路移动机械(4台挖掘机、4台装载机)进行尾气一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化碳(CO2)排放量和油耗检测,验证了采用碳平衡法估算油耗的可行性,分析了机械在高功率段的碳排放特征。测试结果表明,油耗与碳排放量显著相关,机械在高功率段实测碳排放因子为640~720 g/(kW·h),是机械全功率段推荐值的11~17倍。采用碳平衡法,可以简便快捷地估算非道路移动机械碳排放量,为制定相关污染防治政策提供技术支撑。 相似文献
66.
The influence of different driving cycles on their exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rate of gasoline passenger car was investigated in Bangkok based on the actual measurements obtained from a test vehicle driving on a standard chassis dynamometer. A newly established Bangkok driving cycle (BDC) and the European driving cycle (EDC) which is presently adopted as the legislative cycle for testing automobiles registered in Thailand were used. The newly developed BDC is constructed using the driving characteristic data obtained from the real on-road driving tests along selected traffic routes. A method for selecting appropriate road routes for real driving tests is also introduced. Variations of keyed driving parameters of BDC with different driving cycles were discussed. The results showed that the HC and CO emission factors of BDC are almost two and four times greater than those of EDC, respectively. Although the difference in the NOx emission factor is small, the value from BDC is still greater than that of EDC by 10%. Under BDC, the test vehicle consumes fuel about 25% more than it does under EDC. All these differences are mainly attributed to the greater proportion of idle periods and higher fluctuations of vehicle speed in the BDC cycle. This result indicated that the exhausted emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles obtained from tests under the legislative modal-type driving cycle (EDC) are significantly different from those actually produced under real traffic conditions especially during peak periods. 相似文献
67.
As part of the Paris climate agreement, countries have submitted (Intended) Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which includes greenhouse gas reduction proposals beyond 2020. In this paper, we apply the IMAGE integrated assessment model to estimate the annual abatement costs of achieving the NDC reduction targets, and the additional costs if countries would take targets in line with keeping global warming well below 2 °C and “pursue efforts” towards 1.5 °C. We have found that abatement costs are very sensitive to socio-economic assumptions: under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 3 (SSP3) assumptions of slow economic growth, rapidly growing population, and high inequality, global abatement costs of achieving the unconditional NDCs are estimated at USD135 billion by 2030, which is more than twice the level as under the more sustainable socio-economic assumptions of SSP1. Furthermore, we project that the additional costs of full implementation of the conditional NDCs are substantial, ranging from 40 to 55 billion USD, depending on socio-economic assumptions. Of the ten major emitting economies, Brazil, Canada and the USA are projected to have the highest cots as share of GDP to implement the conditional NDCs, while the costs for Japan, China, Russia, and India are relatively low. Allowing for emission trading could decrease global costs substantially, by more than half for the unconditional NDCs and almost by half for the conditional NDCs. Finally, the required effort in terms of abatement costs of achieving 2030 emission levels consistent with 2 °C pathways would be at least three times higher than the costs of achieving the conditional NDCs – even though reductions need to be twice as much. For 1.5 °C, the costs would be 5–6 times as high. 相似文献
68.
选取冀南城市群为研究区,基于2012~2016年VⅡRS卫星数据热异常点产品,结合工业能源消耗量、工业废气排放量以及空气质量数据,利用统计分析和空间分析探讨热异常点辐射强度的变化规律及其与工业能源消耗、污染物排放之间的关系.结果表明,热异常点的辐射强度可以表征工业能源消耗量,并间接反映工业生产规模与污染排放水平.辐射强度越大,工业生产规模越大.辐射强度与工业SO2排放量呈较高的正相关,与NOx排放量呈中度线性相关.PM10、SO2及NO2浓度与工业能源消耗和热异常点辐射强度灰色关联度均较高.工业生产活动产生的污染物中,颗粒物对大气污染的贡献最高,其次为SO2.2012~2016年,邯郸、石家庄以及廊坊的工业生产空间分布呈逐年收缩聚集的趋势,保定和沧州的工业生产分别出现向南、向西迁移趋势. 相似文献
69.
目前,排污权有偿使用和交易作为各地环保工作体制、机制创新的热点,是利用经济手段促进环境保护的有益尝试。本文从指标来源、指标使用期限、与污染减排的关系、技术支撑以及指标交易后续监管五个方面分析了排污权交易指标关联要素,得出交易指标与国家政策、污染减排以及环境监管密切相关的结论,从完善国家政策、强化与污染减排衔接和突出指标后续监管三个方面提出了相应的对策建议。 相似文献
70.
城镇污水收集系统承担着将污水输送至污水处理厂的重要任务,其组成包括化粪池、污水管网、污水提升泵站等主要单元。现有研究指出,在运行过程中,污水收集系统各单元存在甲烷(CH4)、二氧化碳(CO2)和氧化亚氮(N2O)等温室气体(GHGs)排放的现象。在研究污水收集系统的碳排放过程中,高效准确地监测GHGs的排放将有助于全面了解碳排放的情况,并为制定有效的减排措施提供依据。根据现有的研究成果,综述了城镇污水收集系统直接碳排放的监测方法,提出了城镇污水收集系统碳排放监测的建议和展望,为污水收集系统碳排放研究提供支持。 相似文献