Modelling the outcrossing between genetically modified and conventional maize with equation discovery

Many studies explore the feasibility of co-existence between genetically modified (GM) and conventional (non-GM) crops. An important research topic in these studies is the process of outcrossing, i.e., the process of gene flow via pollen flow from GM to non-GM crops. In this paper, we address a new modelling approach to define the environmentally driven processes of outcrossing for maize from existing empirical datasets. In particular, we use equation discovery methodology that combines background knowledge and empirical data from several studies. We induce models that predict the degree of outcrossing rate between the donor (GM) and the recipient (non-GM) maize field from the distance between the fields and the local wind characteristics (speed, direction and duration). This results in highly accurate models, for which both variables (distance and wind) are essential and of roughly equal importance.     

陕西潼关农田土壤及农作物重金属污染及潜在风险

对矿业活动频繁的陕西潼关农田土壤和主要农作物小麦和玉米中的Hg、Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和As元素的污染现状进行了调查.结果表明,潼关农田土壤主要受到Hg、Cd、Pb的污染,超标率分别为89.8%,57.1%和12.2%,研究区83.6%的土壤已经受到了不同程度的重金属污染.小麦和玉米样品的调查表明,Hg、Cd、Pb是研究区农作物最主要的污染物,小麦和玉米中3种重金属的超标率分别为39.1%和44.4%,39.1%和33.3%,47.8%和33.3%.从潜在生态危害指数可以看出,样品具有轻微、中等、强和很强生态危害的比例分别为44.9%、38.8%、12.2%和4.1%,具有轻微的生态危害的农田土壤主要分布在研究区西北部和东部;具有中等的生态危害的农田土壤主要分布在研究区中部和南部;具有强生态危害和很强生态危害的农田土壤分布在南部.小麦和玉米中重金属含量与土壤中重金属含量的相关性分析表明,小麦和玉米中Hg的含量与土壤中Hg的含量显著相关.研究表明,加紧对陕西潼关重金属污染农田的治理刻不容缓.     

Benefits of supplementing an industrial waste anaerobic digester with energy crops for increased biogas production

Currently, there is increasing competition for waste as feedstock for the growing number of biogas plants. This has led to fluctuation in feedstock supply and biogas plants being operated below maximum capacity. The feasibility of supplementing a protein/lipid-rich industrial waste (pig manure, slaughterhouse waste, food processing and poultry waste) mesophilic anaerobic digester with carbohydrate-rich energy crops (hemp, maize and triticale) was therefore studied in laboratory scale batch and continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) with a view to scale-up to a commercial biogas process. Co-digesting industrial waste and crops led to significant improvement in methane yield per ton of feedstock and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio as compared to digestion of the industrial waste alone. Biogas production from crops in combination with industrial waste also avoids the need for micronutrients normally required in crop digestion. The batch co-digestion methane yields were used to predict co-digestion methane yield in full scale operation. This was done based on the ratio of methane yields observed for laboratory batch and CSTR experiments compared to full scale CSTR digestion of industrial waste. The economy of crop-based biogas production is limited under Swedish conditions; therefore, adding crops to existing industrial waste digestion could be a viable alternative to ensure a constant/reliable supply of feedstock to the anaerobic digester.     

1980年以来中国大宗作物空间格局变化分析

利用1980～2014年间的大宗作物(玉米、水稻、小麦、棉花、油菜)面积数据,以省级行政区为研究单元,采用多种数理统计和GIS空间分析技术,结合同期作物之间的竞争性用地关系,对全国上述五类大宗作物的空间分布格局及其变化特征进行分析.研究结果表明:玉米的空间分布相对较均衡;小麦的空间格局总的变化不明显但是省际分布最不均衡;棉花近30 a来空间格局变化极其显著,其面积重心从河南境内不断地向西北地区移动,目前位于甘肃省境内;油菜的面积重心自湖北境内不断地向南推移到湖南境内,水稻的面积重心则自江西境内逐渐向北移动到湖北境内.另外,部分区域的同期作物(如油菜与小麦、棉花与春玉米)空间格局变化存在明显的“消-长”关系,特别是在甘肃和内蒙,油菜小麦的面积变化有着极强的负相关性,其pearson系数低于-0.8.作物种植的成本收益变化是造成这些大宗作物空间格局变化的主要原因,城市化发展的程度、农民非农就业机会的高低、同期作物之间的比较效益差距等也是这些大宗作物时空格局产生变化的重要原因.     

转基因作物对鱼类的生态毒理效应研究综述

转基因作物潜在的健康和环境风险一直以来颇受争议,转基因作物加工成动物饲料后可能会诱导动物产生免疫应激反应,影响动物的生长发育、繁殖等。鱼类是水生脊椎动物的代表,已广泛应用于水环境的监测,但目前转基因作物对鱼类的饲用安全性研究还相对较少。文章基于转基因作物作为鱼饲料原料对鱼类生态毒理学效应的研究现状,综述了转基因作物对鱼的生长表现、生理生化、脏器功能及发育、组织病理以及行为活动等方面的生态毒理学效应,分析了当前研究中存在的问题,并对今后的研究趋势进行了探讨。     

典型喀斯特地区土壤-作物系统镉的富集特征与污染评价

为了研究喀斯特地区Cd在表层土壤和农作物中的富集特征及影响因素,为土地安全利用提供理论依据,选择在重庆市黔江区中部采集表层土壤样品360件、深层土壤样品7件、85件水稻样品和73件玉米样品(配套采集根系土样),分析了土壤及农作物中Cd的含量、土壤中TFe2O3、Mn、有机质(Corg)、Se等含量和土壤pH.基于地统计...     

不同作物农田土壤抗生素抗性基因多样性

土壤作为地球关键带最为活跃的组成部分,在保障粮食安全和维持生态环境平衡中发挥着重要作用.农田土壤抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs）污染特征和传播扩散机制受到了广泛的关注.为全面探究不同作物种植情况下农田土壤抗生素抗性基因污染特征,明确不同作物农田土壤抗性基因的多样性及其影响因素,本文采用抗生素抗性基因高通量qPCR技术（HT-qPCR）,对不同作物农田土壤抗生素抗性基因的多样性展开了研究.结果表明,农田土壤总计检出187种抗生素抗性基因,种植柑橘（GJ）、花生（HS）、水稻（SD）、甘蔗（GZ）和香蕉（XJ）的土壤中分别检测出抗生素抗性基因89、147、143、157和159种,它们的丰度介于6.47×10⁹~1.41×10¹⁰ copies·g^-1之间,其中多重耐药抗性基因在农田土壤中占据显著优势.基于R软件的envfit分析显示,As、Co、Cr、Mo、Ni和Pb显著影响农田土壤抗生素抗性基因组成（P<0.05）,冗余分析（RDA）显示这些重金属元素对农田土壤抗生素抗性基因变化的总解释量达到了59.3%.本研究证明,农田土壤是抗生素抗性基因的重要存储库,不同作物农田土壤抗性基因组成有显著差异（P<0.05）,重金属元素对土壤抗性基因的赋存和扩散可能具有重要作用,种植不同作物对农田土壤抗生素抗性基因多样性产生了显著影响.     

农田土壤中铜的来源分析及控制阈值研究

农田土壤重金属污染直接危及到生态安全、食品安全和人体健康.从源头上控制农田土壤重金属污染是农业可持续发展和保障农产品质量安全的首要措施.本文采用物质流分析法与情景分析法,以水稻(双季稻、单季稻)、小麦-玉米、蔬菜(叶菜、根菜和果菜)的产地农田生态系统为研究对象,研究农田土壤中重金属铜的输入途径(大气沉降、磷肥、有机肥以及灌溉水)和输出途径(籽粒/可食部位、秸秆/残余物以及地表排水),并通过文献查阅和采样分析建立数据库,在平衡分析基础上为了保障100年土壤铜累积不超过设定的情景水平,当土壤铜背景值含量分别增加50％,100％和150％时,推导出磷肥、有机肥以及灌溉水的重金属含量安全阈值,磷肥中铜含量应控制在65～175 mg·kg-1范围内;畜禽粪肥中铜含量应控制在35～95 mg· kg-1范围内.灌溉水质标准应控制在40～70 μg·L-1范围内.这将为我国农产品产地安全管理和源头预防控制,保障我国农产品质量安全提供一定的技术指导作用.     

不同氮水平下秸秆和酚类、有机酸对土壤碳含量的影响

利用采集自FACE(Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment)技术平台上田间培养的土壤样品,通过温室培养的方法,研究不同CO₂浓度下导致作物生物量增加和更多酚类、有机酸输入对土壤碳含量的影响. 结果表明,CO₂浓度升高时,通过根系分泌的酚类、有机酸对土壤各粒级分配的影响受秸秆加入和氮水平的调控. 在有无秸秆加入条件下,酚类、有机酸的加入主要增加了粒径>250和<53 μm土壤的碳含量. 单位土壤各粒级的碳含量均增加,粒径>53 μm增加幅度较大;在没有秸秆加入的常规氮水平与有秸秆加入的低氮水平下,碳含量变化幅度较大. 表明来自高CO₂浓度条件下秸秆和酚类、有机酸对土壤碳的固定具有重要的作用和意义.      

Accumulation of Pb, Cu, and Zn in native plants growing on contaminated sites and their potential accumulation capacity in Heqing, Yunnan

Phytoremediation is one of the cost-effective and environmental friendly technologies used to remove contaminants from contaminated soils,which has been intensively studied during the last decade.Presently,few economical and effective remediation methods are available for the remediation of Pb contaminated sites.This study was conducted to assess the potential of 19 plants growing on contaminated sites in Pb mine area.Plants and associated soil samples were collected and analyzed for total metal concentrati...