节水灌溉与控释肥施用对太湖地区稻田土壤氮素渗漏流失的影响

在太湖流域采用田间小区试验研究了干湿交替节水灌溉与控释肥(控释BB肥与树脂包膜尿素)施用对稻田30 cm深土壤渗漏水总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH+4-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)和亚硝态氮(NO-2-N)浓度的动态变化及氮素淋失的影响.结果表明:各处理渗漏水TN、NH+4-N和NO-2-N浓度均在施肥后10 d内达到高峰,然后逐渐下降.渗漏水氮素以NH+4-N(0.22~15.15 mg·L-1)为主,平均占TN 70.1%,NO-3-N(0.10~0.95 mg·L-1)占TN比例较低,平均为13.0%,NO-2-N(0~0.24 mg·L-1)平均仅占TN 1.3%.与淹灌相比,节灌对稻田渗漏水氮素浓度及各氮素占总氮的比例影响不大,但降低了14.2%的渗漏水量和9.4%的TN淋失量.施氮显著提高了渗漏水氮素浓度以及NH+4-N和NO-2-N占TN的比例.控释BB肥和树脂包膜尿素较常规尿素处理水稻全生育期渗漏水TN平均浓度分别降低10.2%和43.3%,TN淋失量分别降低26.1%和39.5%.综上,干湿交替节灌结合树脂包膜尿素施用有利于降低氮素渗漏损失,促进农田面源污染减排.     

柠檬酸浸出废弃电池材料中镍钴锰金属的研究

随着锂离子电池使用领域和范围越来越广泛,其产销量日益增长,由此产生的废旧锂离子电池的回收处理问题也日趋严重.如何提高废旧电池中锂镍钴锰等有价金属的回收效率,以及在回收过程中减少对环境造成的二次污染,是目前环境科研者研究的热点问题.以柠檬酸为浸出酸,研究了废弃锂离子电池正极材料镍钴锰酸锂在柠檬酸溶液中浸出效果,比较不同反应时间、反应温度、柠檬酸浓度、固液比以及添加双氧水和硫代硫酸钠对镍钴锰浸出效率的影响.结果表明延长反应时间、提高反应温度和柠檬酸浓度有利于有价金属的浸出,双氧水和硫代硫酸钠的添加对镍钴锰的浸出有显著促进作用.     

铬渣浸出毒性试验研究

铬渣给环境带来的危害一直困扰着铬盐行业的发展 ,其浸出毒性研究有利于对铬渣危害的监测评估、治理及综合利用。本试验对新渣和陈渣的浸出毒性进行了探讨 ,同时对铬渣中Cr(Ⅵ )进行全量溶取 ,并分析铬渣中主要阴、阳离子的浸出行为。从而提出适宜于评价铬渣浸出毒性的试验方法 ,即 :液固比 2 0∶1,浸取时间 8h、提取剂为HAC NaAC(pH5 0± 0 2 ) ,粒径为 12 0目的浸出体系     

固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法标准研究

对国内外浸出方法标准体系、研究方向、应用目标、方法的特点和缺陷进行了系统总结,介绍了《固体废物 浸出毒性浸出方法 硫酸硝酸法》(HJ/T299—2007)和《固体废物 浸出毒性浸出方法 醋酸缓冲溶液法》(HJ/T300—2007)的模拟场景、方法学探讨和实验研究结果. 目前,HJ/T299—2007已经成为我国危险废物浸出毒性鉴别的指定标准方法,而HJ/T300—2007也被用于特定危险废物和一般工业废物进入生活垃圾填埋场的入场检验. 新制定的浸出方法标准的环境保护目标和模拟场景假设明确,实验参数由理论计算和系统的实验获得,具有较充分的方法学依据. 尽管如此,对于该标准的客观、全面的评估还需要经过长期的执行过程才能获得,新的浸出方法标准只是在现有研究基础上的阶段性成果,还要随着环境管理的需要和细化以及研究的不断深入而加以补充和修改.      

城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及水泥固化试验研究

试验分析了重庆市某城市垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰的化学成分,研究了原飞灰的浸出毒性,考察了水泥对原飞灰和酸洗预处理飞灰中重金属的固化效果. 结果表明:飞灰中重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度均超过《危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准》(GB5085.3-2007),因而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定化处理;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块的抗压强度得到了一定程度的提高,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出毒性均较相同配比、相同养护时间的原飞灰固化试块有明显降低;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块抗压强度随掺入飞灰比例的降低和养护时间的延长而加大,在养护28 d时其抗压强度最高,达4.25 MPa;酸洗预处理飞灰固化试块在养护28 d时,其重金属Pb和Zn的浸出质量浓度分别比原飞灰所制固化试块降低了10.6%～59.0%和7.4%～73.7%.      

A Review of Waste Tyre Utilisation in the Marine Environment

Waste tyres pose a major disposal problem on land creating a fire hazard and, in warmer climates, providing breeding pools for mosquitoes. the void space in tyres makes them unsuitable for land burial. Schemes to use shredded tyres for road bases and asphalt filler are being pursued in the USA. Tyre combustion for electricity production is being investigated in the UK.

The widespread availability and durability of tyres has led to their use in the marine environment for breakwaters/coastal defence structures and as artificial reefs for promoting fisheries.

Tyres have a low density and have been used in floating breakwaters. Schemes have been proposed to protect and strengthen shorelines with tyre structures.

The void space in tyres facilitates the construction of artificial reefs to attract fish. the most intensive use is in the south west Pacific and Australia. Tyre surfaces are colonised by algae and a wide range of faunal species, including corals and shellfish. the wide acceptance of tyres as a suitable reef construction material appears to be based largely on these observations. Experience of initial poor deployment practices in the USA led to tyres washing ashore after storms and resulted in the banning or restriction of their use in coastal states of the USA. A review of the scientific literature has yielded limited information on the environmental impact of tyres and in particular the leaching of heavy metals and organic compounds from tyres into sea water.

Preliminary results of tyre dust/sea water leaching studies are presented. These identify zinc as the major leachate (totalling 10mg/tyre after 3 months). Diluted leachates have not shown significant effects of the growth of the phytoplankton Phaeodactylum and Isocrysis.

Further work to characterise the sea water leaching of tyre compounds is recommended.     

Competition of Hydrogen and Manganese Ions for Adsorption Sites in Sitka Spruce Litter

The competition of hydrogen and manganese ions for adsorption sites in Sitka spruce litter was investigated in a factorial design, simulated acid rain experiment, which involved leaching of litter with simulated throughfall solutions at three pH levels (5.3, 4.3 and 3.3) and three manganese concentrations (0 to 0.2 mg1^-1). the throughfall solution at the lowest pH was the most efficient in removing exchangeable manganese from litter. the manganese concentration in the leachates was approximately proportional to the hydrogen ion concentration in the simulated throughfall solution. Under field conditions, throughfall manganese concentration also naturally tends to increase as a consequence of enhanced foliar leaching of manganese in response to increasing precipitation acidity. the manganese concentration in the simulated throughfall also affected manganese concentration in the leachates, however, and contributed to a buildup of exchangeable manganese in litter, thus counteracting to some extent possible adverse effects of excess leaching due to increased throughfall acidity.     

Effects of simulated acid rain on cation releasing in soils of South China

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我国低纬度、亚热带地区的降水化学及其雨水酸化趋势分析

在世界上酸沉降研究尚为空白的低纬度、亚热带地区建立了酸沉降监测网。通过两年的监测，结果表明降水中酸度和离子总浓度季节变化明显，Ｃａ￣（２＋）和ＮＨ在降水离子构成中占百分率较高，阳离子总和略大于阴离子总和。两广地区降水酸度是雨水中多种阴、阳离子综合作用的结果，降水中ＳＯ浓度高的地区是ＳＯ＿２排放量高的地区，控制雨水逐年酸化趋势的唯一途径是限制ＳＯ＿２排放。