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211.
河套灌区春小麦-萝卜复种模式下土壤NO3--N动态 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
研究了河套灌区春小麦-萝卜复种模式下,土壤、土壤溶液和地下水NO3--N浓度的动态变化.结果表明:随着试验时间的延长,土壤表层NO3--N含量降低,深层(100~150cm)增加;土壤溶液中、下层NO3--N浓度(70、120cm)显著高于上层(30cm),尤其是在萝卜生长季.当前的灌溉条件下,不同年度、不同生长季土壤NO3--N淋失量的多少与土壤水分的下渗量密切相关,且输入的氮素中有30%以上以NO3--N的形式淋失掉.施肥区地下水NO3--N浓度显著高于未施肥区,且65.5%的水样超过WHO规定的上限(11.3mg/L).总之,经过连续2a的春小麦与萝卜复种可使表层土壤NO3--N含量明显降低,但由于中、下层土壤剖面中残留大量的NO3--N,因此在当前灌溉措施下,短期内NO3--N淋失是不可避免的. 相似文献
212.
The determination of nitrogen (N) based loading rates for land application of biosolids is challenging and site specific. Over loading may contribute to environmental, agricultural, or human health problems. The objective of this study was to monitor N mineralization and losses in a moderately alkaline and calcareous desert soil amended with either anaerobically digested (AN) or lime-stabilized (LS) biosolids, and irrigated with and without urea enriched water. For Experiment 1, N inputs, leaching and residuals in soil were evaluated in an open soil column system. For Experiment 2, ammonia (NH3) emissions were evaluated in a closed soil column system. In Experiment 1, AN and LS biosolids increased soil ON (organic N) by three and two fold, respectively. Respective net N mineralization of ON from biosolids alone was 90% and 62% without urea, and 71% and 77%, respectively with added urea. Nitrogen leaching losses and residuals in amended soil did not account for all N inputs into the soil/biosolids system. In Experiment 2, NH3 emissions were not significantly different among treated soils with or without added urea, except LS amended soil receiving urea. Ammonia losses did not account for unaccounted N in Experiment 1. We concluded that deep placement and rapid mineralization of AN biosolids promoted anaerobic soil conditions and denitrification, in addition to the high denitrification potential of desert soil. LS biosolids showed greater potential than AN biosolids for safe and beneficial land application to desert soils regardless of biosolids placement and the inclusion of N rich irrigation water. 相似文献
213.
Ernani V. Pereira-Junior Fabrício G. Giori Altina L. Nascimento Valdemar L. Tornisielo 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(4):238-246
Brazil is the largest sugarcane producer in the world in which hexazinone (3-cyclohexyl-6-dimethylamino-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione) and tebuthiuron (1-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1,3-dimethylurea) are heavily used. Sugarcane harvesting is changing from the manual system with previous straw burning to the mechanized system without straw burning. The lack of burning results in soil organic carbon accumulation mainly in clayey soils, which should affect herbicides availability and fate. Therefore, we evaluated sorption of these herbicides in soil samples with and without straw burning. Both herbicides presented low apparent sorption coefficients (mean Kd,app= 0.6 and 2.4 L kg?1 for hexazinone and tebuthiuron, respectively), suggesting that they may leach to groundwater. Moreover, their sorption correlated primarily with soil organic carbon (SOC), but iron oxide contents extracted with ammonium oxalate (Fe2O3AOX) also affected it (Kd,app = ?0.228 + 0.0397 SOC + 0.117 Fe2O3AOX for hexazinone and Kd,app = ?1.407 + 0.201 SOC + 0.348 Fe2O3AOX for tebuthiuron). Soil organic carbon accumulation due to straw maintenance in the field positively affected sorption of both herbicides, but its effects were not enough to classify them as “non-leachers.” 相似文献
214.
215.
Malgorzata Kwiecień 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1997,46(3):191-207
A new, direct method was developed for quantifying inorganic particulate aerosols trapped by the forest canopy, and for determining the resulting input of elements to a forest ecosystem. The method is based on direct measurements of only six parameters. Using this method, it is possible to determine the load of aerosols trapped by the forest canopy and deposited to leaves, as well as the load of aerosols falling to the forest floor by impaction on plants. It is also possible to estimate the aerosol input of soluble and insoluble elements to an ecosystem. With this new method it has been found that the load of aerosols trapped by the canopy of a mixed forest located in the Rybnik Coal Basin averaged 189.0 kg x ha-1 x growing season-1, or 39.3% of the total inorganic particles reaching the ecosystem. The trapped aerosols provided 13.4 kg x ha-1 of soluble nitrogen and 0.91 kg x ha-1 of insoluble nitrogen over the growing season. At the same time, the input of soluble nitrogen from the atmosphere with rainfall to an open area averaged 13.9 kg x ha-1, and the input of insoluble nitrogen with inorganic dusts averaged 1.4 kg x ha-1. 相似文献
216.
化学沉淀法去除水中氨氮的试验研究 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
研究进行了用Mg2 + 、Mn2 + 分别与PO4 3- 作用去除NH4 + N的试验研究 ,探讨其化学反应机理 ,确定了最佳投药比、反应pH和Mg2 + 、Mn2 + 的协同效应 ,并对广州李坑垃圾填埋场渗滤液中NH4 + N进行了处理 ,其中最大NH4 + N去除率达 96 .1 %。 相似文献
217.
W. Chatupote A. Kamnalrut S. Pipithsangchan S. Choto 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2005,5(1-2):175-189
The over-use of agrochemicals may have adverse effects on soils along with surface and groundwater. An assessment of alternative
management practices to reduce the application of agrochemicals and minimise the pollution of water resources was carried
out in the vegetable agro-ecosystem in the Rattaphum Catchment. This paper details the factors that govern the volume of agrochemicals
used on high intensity crops in this area, covering the choice of crop and cropping patterns, level of pest and weed infestation
and the socio-economic status of farmers such as capital, size of holding and labour availability. Alternative management
practices tested included (i) a reduction in the use of pesticides and chemical fertilisers; (ii) the use of bio-insecticides
and bio-fertilisers; and (iii) the development of buffer zones near streams to reduce nutrient leaching into surface water
systems.
The results showed that when compared with bio-insecticides, synthetic insecticides were more effective in controlling major
insect pests during chaisim vegetable production and were associated with higher net incomes. The high rate of application
of chemical fertilisers in home gardens and commercial farms led to the accumulation of phosphorous and potassium in the top
soil, with the traditional method of combining organic and chemical fertilisers producing the highest total nitrogen soil
content. A fifty percent reduction in chemical fertilisers in the commercial farms produced the lowest total nitrogen soil
content, without any apparent change in crop yield.
The three types of tested buffers seem to be effective in reducing runoff and sediment load and were particularly efficient
in lowering nutrient leaching to streams; the best results were obtained with an effective length of 2.5 m. 相似文献
218.
Josiah Akinsanmi Gregory M. Perry 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2002,38(1):101-110
ABSTRACT: Traditional focus on reducing one environmental externality may cause another externality to increase. This article examines the environmental and economic costs of abating soil loss and (or) nitrate leaching through alternative optimal production systems in the nonirrigated farming systems of Northeastern Oregon. Models estimating soil loss and nitrate‐nitrogen leaching rates associated with current production processes, are linked to a Multi‐Objective Programming (MOP) model. The results show that site specific conditions influence the level of abatement expenditures and optimal production strategies to reduce soil loss and leaching rates. Moreover, while existing production strategies are effective in reducing soil loss at little cost, no strategies could be identified to reduce nitrate leaching rate on some soils. 相似文献
219.
220.
聚丙烯酰胺对磷素在土壤中吸附-解析与迁移的影响 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
通过等温吸附-解析试验和土柱淋溶试验,研究了土壤(填土)经聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)处理后对磷素的吸附、解析规律以及磷素在土柱中迁移的影响.研究结果表明,和原土样相比,PAM减少了土壤在慢速吸附阶段对磷的吸附,不仅使土壤对磷的最大吸附量(Xm)降低,而且使被吸附磷的解析率升高;PAM与土壤复合后可以促进有效磷在土柱中向下迁移,增加淋溶液中磷的浓度. 相似文献