经过水泥固化的重金属废物的穿透渗漏实验

采用穿透渗漏实验方法研究了经水泥固化的重金属废物的长期渗漏行为。用由Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｎｉ＾２＋和Ｃｒ＾６＋５种重金属组成的合成废物样品进行２组实验。实验研究了渗漏实验液流速、ＰＨ的变化和金属渗漏能力对固体废物长期渗漏行为的影响。     

Simulating Nitrate Leaching Profiles in a Highly Permeable Vadose Zone

An approach is developed to simulate leaching of a dissolved chemical constituent in the vadose zone of an aquifer. Specifically, nitrate loading at the water table for different water table depths, for a range of aquifer permeability values, and for different cases of heterogeneity of the aquifer, are considered. Models from the literature are first used to derive soil–water characteristic curves (water retention and hydraulic conductivity) from a grain size distribution curve for unsaturated conditions. Given infiltration from the surface, the initial conditions for the chemical concentration, and the water content profile, leaching of the chemical in the vadose zone is simulated as a function of both time and depth. The methodology is illustrated for a permeable aquifer. Simulations are undertaken using a finite element code for saturated and unsaturated flow. Different scenarios are simulated depending on the heterogeneity of the aquifer and the depth of the water table. Modeling results show that in the example case studied, nitrate concentration loading at the water table does not depend strongly on the position of the water table, but rather on the material properties of the aquifer. The contribution of this endeavor resides in the methodology which allows a prediction of nitrate leaching using only the grain size property of the aquifer. It allows practitioners to obtain a first assessment of leaching with limited data.     

碱性氧化焙烧回收含铬污泥中的铬

采用碱性氧化焙烧工艺回收含铬污泥中的铬,以浸出渣作为焙烧填料,最佳工艺条件为：含铬污泥加入量10g,浸出渣加入量8g,焙烧温度700℃,焙烧时间40min,n（Cr2O3）：n（NaNO3）：n（Na2CO3）：n（NaOH）=1：2：3．5：10。在此条件下,碱性氧化焙烧工艺铬浸出率高达98％以上。     

水洗过程对垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性的影响

通过水洗试验,对垃圾焚烧飞灰的浸出特性进行了研究.结果表明:水洗过程对飞灰中Cl,Na,K和Ca元素具有一定的去除效果,尤其是Cl元素的去除率在液固比为10 L/kg时可达到60.0%;经过水洗后飞灰XRD图中的钾盐和食盐的特征峰已经不明显,石英和石膏特征峰改变很小,KCl和NaCl是水洗过程中K,Na和Cl元素的主要去除形态;水洗对飞灰的酸中和容量影响较小;采用TCLP法和水平振荡法进行对比试验表明,水洗灰的重金属浸出质量浓度均低于原灰.      

蚯蚓活动对重金属在土柱中淋溶行为的影响

采用土柱淋溶方法,以溴离子为示踪离子,研究了蚯蚓活动形成的土壤大孔隙对铜和锌离子在土柱中迁移行为的影响.运用平衡和非平衡对流-弥散模型对溴离子和铜、锌离子在不同土柱中的穿透曲线进行拟合.结果表明,蚯蚓活动形成的蚯蚓孔能够产生明显的优势流现象,这种优势流极大地加快了重金属离子在土柱中垂直向下迁移的速度.非平衡对流-弥散模型能很好地预测溴离子和铜、锌离子在蚯蚓孔土柱中的流出趋势,而平衡对流-弥散模型适合于预测溶质在对照（匀质）土柱中的流出趋势.     

煤矸石微生物脱硫试验研究

采用本试验室自主分离筛选出的氧化硫硫杆菌,通过煤矸石浸泡的微生物脱硫和煤矸石柱状淋洗的微生物脱硫试验,研究该菌株对大武口高硫煤矸石的脱硫效果.煤矸石浸泡试验表明,微生物对煤矸石脱硫效果明显,浸泡煤矸石2 h后脱硫量达0.79 g/L,脱硫率达24.5%,21 d持续稳定升高,脱硫率达28.3%,为煤矸石的快速脱硫提供了技术支持.煤矸石柱状淋洗试验表明,前9 d是氧化硫硫杆菌脱硫的活跃期,该菌株有较高的氧化煤矸石的能力.     

Increasing the efficiency of solute leaching: impacts of flow interruption with drainage of the “preferential flow paths”

Most soils contain preferential flow paths that can impact on solute mobility. Solutes can move rapidly down the preferential flow paths with high pore-water velocities, but can be held in the less permeable region of the soil matrix with low pore-water velocities, thereby reducing the efficiency of leaching. In this study, we conducted leaching experiments with interruption of the flow and drainage of the main flow paths to assess the efficiency of this type of leaching. We compared our experimental results to a simple analytical model, which predicts the influence of the variations in concentration gradients within a single spherical aggregate (SSA) surrounded by preferential flow paths on leaching. We used large (length: 300 mm, diameter: 216 mm) undisturbed field soil cores from two contrasting soil types. To carry out intermittent leaching experiments, the field soil cores were first saturated with tracer solution (CaBr₂), and background solution (CaCl₂) was applied to mimic a leaching event. The cores were then drained at 25- to 30-cm suction to empty the main flow paths to mimic a dry period during which solutes could redistribute within the undrained region. We also conducted continuous leaching experiments to assess the impact of the dry periods on the efficiency of leaching. The flow interruptions with drainage enhanced leaching by 10–20% for our soils, which was consistent with the model's prediction, given an optimised “equivalent aggregate radius” for each soil. This parameter quantifies the time scales that characterise diffusion within the undrained region of the soil, and allows us to calculate the duration of the leaching events and interruption periods that would lead to more efficient leaching. Application of these methodologies will aid development of strategies for improving management of chemicals in soils, needed in managing salts in soils, in improving fertiliser efficiency, and in reclaiming contaminated soils.     

A case study of microwave processing of metal hydroxide sediment sludge from printed circuit board manufacturing wash water

The large quantity of wash water used in the electroplating and etching process in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards (PCBs) contains a high level of heavy metal ions (Cu⁺⁺, Zn⁺⁺, Ni⁺⁺, Cr⁺⁺⁺, Pb⁺⁺). These potentially toxic ions are removed from the wash water effluent through a polyelectrolyte flocculation and hydroxide precipitation process during which a hydroxide sediment sludge rich in metal ions and polymers is generated. This sediment sludge possesses some unique characteristics and properties in terms of composition, fine particle size distribution, high specific surface area, and a tendency to agglomerate after drying. Direct disposal of this classified “special waste” (Department of Environment of Northern Ireland, The Special Waste Regulations, Northern Ireland, 1998) at landfill sites may cause serious soil and underground water pollution through a gradual ionic leaching process. This paper describes an experimental investigation, exploratory in nature, which employs microwave radiation for detoxification of the sediment sludge through microwave heating, drying and metal ion immobilization within the sediment solids. The effectiveness of microwave assisted binding and immobilization of the metal ions within the sediment solids was studied in conjunction with an evaluation of microwave energy efficiency in comparison to the more conventional convective heating and drying processes. Given a sufficient amount of microwave radiation, leaching of Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ was reduced by 2700% and 1080%, respectively, over a period of 12 weeks, and further leaching was not detectable within six months at simulated local landfill aqueous conditions. This paper also attempts, through experimental observation, to add to the very limited understanding of the complex interactions and binding of free metal ions with the polymeric materials and metal hydroxides under the influence of an electromagnetic field. The high specific surface of the sediment solids and their adsorption properties were further explored and characterized in a study of adsorption of reactive dyes by the microwave processed solids.     

硫酸锰废渣浸出毒性及淋溶特性研究

长沙市兴镇13家硫酸锰厂的生产废渣使当地的生态环境造受到了严重破坏。本文在废渣浸出毒性实验、渣柱淋滤实验以及废渣的全分析基础上,全面地研究了废渣的组成、浸出毒性大小以及在当地酸沉降条件下的淋滤特征,为其安全处置提供了理论基础。研究证明,废渣中重金属种类多、含量高,尤其是锰,高达138800mg/kg。渣的浸出毒性虽未达到国家规定的危险废物鉴别标准,但远超过了《污水综合排放标准》,其衰减可用负指数方程来描述。在酸雨淋溶下,渣中的锰离子会在短时期内大量释放后,维持在一相对较低水平长期释放,对环境威胁巨大。