废弃线路板重金属浸出毒性方法的比较研究

使用4种毒性浸出方法［中国的GB 5086.1-1997,GB 5086.2-1997,美国的1311 (TCLP)、 1312 (SPLP)］综合评价废弃线路板的重金属浸出毒性,并依此选择一种适合评价废弃线路板重金属生态危害的方法.结果表明,这4种方法中,使用TCLP方法浸出液的重金属 (Cu、Pb、Ni、Mn、Zn和Fe) 浓度均超过其他3种方法,且浸出液中Pb的浓度超过相应的标准数倍,因此废弃线路板属于危险废弃物;而使用我国现有的浸出实验方法,浸出液的重金属浸出量低,实验条件与实际的环境条件相差大,对危险废物的控制不利,而使用TCLP方法可以较好地评价废弃线路板重金属浸出毒性;浸出液中这6种重金属浓度随着浸出液的初始 pH 值降低和废弃线路板粉末粒径的减小而增大.     

论元素丰度与环境友好型生产工艺

通过对地壳、海洋及人体中16种元素丰度的分析,得出了环境友好型生产工艺的3个特征,即：整体偏碱性、氧硫比接近2000：1、避免使用低丰度元素。此外还结合上述特征对加压氧化-氰化法和次氯酸钠一步浸金工艺的环境友好性进行了分析。     

硫化矿尾矿酸性矿山废水污染及释酸能力预测评价方法

酸性矿山废水是全球矿山面临的最严重的环境问题之一。文章介绍了评价硫化物尾矿产酸潜力的2种方法,即静态溶浸测试和动态淋滤测试。静态溶浸测试包括酸碱估算法和净酸生成法2种。还探讨了2种方法所存在的问题和局限性,并对进一步的研究进提出了设想。     

Urease inhibitor reduces N losses and improves plant-bioavailability of urea applied in fine particle and granular forms under field conditions

A field lysimeter/mini plot experiment was established in a silt loam soil near Lincoln, New Zealand, to investigate the effectiveness of urea fertilizer in fine particle application (FPA), with or without the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT - “Agrotain”), in decreasing nitrogen (N) losses and improving N uptake efficiency. The five treatments were: control (no N) and ¹⁵N-labelled urea, with or without NBPT, applied to lysimeters or mini plots (unlabelled urea), either in granular form to the soil surface or in FPA form (through a spray) at a rate equivalent to 100 kg N ha⁻¹. Gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH₃) and nitrous oxide (N₂O), nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching, herbage dry-matter (DM) production, N-response efficiency, total N uptake and total recovery of applied ¹⁵N in the plant and soil varied with urea application method and with addition of NBPT. Urea with NBPT, applied in granular or FPA form, was more effective than in application without NBPT: N₂O emissions were reduced by 7-12%, NH₃ emissions by 65-69% and NO₃⁻ leaching losses by 36-55% compared with granular urea. Urea alone and with NBPT, applied in FPA form increased herbage DM production by 27% and 38%, respectively. The N response efficiency increased from 10 kg DM kg⁻¹ of applied N with granular urea to 19 kg DM kg⁻¹ with FPA urea and to 23 kg DM kg⁻¹ with FPA urea plus NBPT. Urea applied in FPA form resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher ¹⁵N recovery in the shoots compared with granular treatments and this was improved further when urea in FPA form was applied with NBPT. These results suggest that applying urea with NBPT in FPA form has potential as a management tool in mitigating N losses, improving N-response efficiency and increasing herbage DM production in intensive grassland systems.     

石煤灰渣酸浸提钒后残渣作水泥混合材试验研究

为探索提钒残渣用作水泥混合材的可行性,根据提钒残渣的物化特性分析,设计出合理的配料方案,通过对试样的物理检验,研究了提钒残渣的掺量对水泥性能的影响.试验结果表明,提钒残渣属于活性混合材,在掺量为25%-40%时,可单独用作水泥混合材,且不论单掺还是和水泥厂石煤渣对掺,水泥各项性能指标均符合GB175-2007<通用硅酸...     

高铁低铝煤矸石酸法提取铝、铁研究

以高铁低铝煤矸石为原料,经机械活化,酸浸提取有价元素铝、铁.首先利用硫酸盐在不同温度和不同硫酸质量分数条件下的溶解度差异,通过结晶分离法从酸浸液中转移出硫酸盐,然后利用新鲜煤矸石中和酸浸液中的游离酸,调节pH值至1.5～2.0,制备酸浸初步净化液.以初步净化液为研究对象,利用不同离子水解pH值的差异进行物质分离,再经纯化处理制备相应产品.用XRD对原料和产品进行了表征.结果表明,在硫酸质量分数为75％的条件下,反应液固比为4、温度为125℃、3h时煤矸石中铝、铁溶出率分别为92.5％、99.7％.通过项目经济效益分析可知,该法可以产生良好的环境效益、社会效益,同时可实现煤矸石增值,产生较好的经济效益.     

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid (OA) on the immobilization of Pb(II) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(II) by KH₂PO₄, phosphate rock (PR), activated phosphate rock (APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) at different phosphate:Pb (P:Pb) molar ratios (0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or CaCl₂, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after 120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was < 5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0.Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was < 5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APRwasmost effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pbmolar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.     

DTCR协同水泥固化/稳定化重金属污染底泥的研究

采用二硫代氨基甲酸盐(DTCR)为添加剂协同水泥固化/稳定化重金属污染底泥,以抗压强度和颗粒固化体(粒径￡9.5mm)浸出毒性为指标确定水泥和DTCR的最优配比.通过酸雨条件(pH 3)下对颗粒固化体和整个固化体的浸出试验来评价固化/稳定化的效果.利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和环境扫描电镜(ESEM)分析了固化/稳定化机理.结果表明,固化/稳定化的最优配比为水泥掺入量为50%(干底泥),DTCR掺入量为2%(干底泥).其固化体7d抗压强度为1.03MPa,颗粒固化体中重金属Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd的浸出浓度分别为0.105,4.65,0.232,0.123mg/L,能够达到安全填埋要求.酸雨条件下(pH 3)对颗粒固化体和整个固化体浸出研究表明,水泥、DTCR固化/稳定化底泥效果更好;XRD和ESEM分析表明,固化/稳定化的机理主要是水泥在水化反应时,能够形成水化产物Ca(OH)2、水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)和钙矾石(AFt),将重金属废物包容,并逐步硬化形成具有一定强度的水泥固化体.     

滩涂土壤淋洗过程中盐分变化及其对重金属的影响

通过对滩涂土壤的淋洗实验,对在不同脱盐阶段,土壤孔隙水的盐分离子与土壤中各重金属含量及各重金属不同形态的含量进行监测与分析.结果表明,不同脱盐阶段的土壤孔隙水,淋洗后较淋洗前各盐分离子的下降率分别为：Na^＋80.3%、K^＋73.5%、Mg^2＋86.6%、Ca^2＋90%、Cl^-81.8%、SO4^2-98.2%...     

典型固体废物焚烧飞灰的污染物特性研究

采用成分分析法和毒性监测法系统分析了来源于6类典型固体废物焚烧飞灰的污染物特性．研究表明,6类固体废物焚烧飞灰的主要组成元素有Si、 Ca、 Al、 Fe、 K、 Na、 Cl等．各重金属成分中,Zn是受试飞灰（除LS飞灰）中含量最高的重金属元素,范围在2100～32100 mg/kg,均值达9458 mg/kg;元素Cd、 Zn、 Cu、 Cr、 Ni、 Pb、 As平均值则分别为土壤中的各元素含量的642、 127、 22、 18、 15、 10、 2倍．国标硫酸硝酸法和TCLP浸出程序对飞灰中的重金属浸出率普遍偏低,仅其中2类工业废物焚烧飞灰在TCLP法下超出鉴别限值;虽然受试飞灰中二英类物质（PCDD/Fs）毒性当量均低于危险废物毒性物质含量鉴别(GB 5085.6-2007)有关二英类物质规定,但与浙江省部分地区污染土壤中的平均二英毒性当量进行比较,HZ、 WZ、 NB、 TZ和HUZ飞灰分别为其105、 59、 401、 369和5倍,除LS飞灰外其余5种飞灰的毒性当量值要大大高于加拿大、 新西兰和瑞典的土壤中二英的指导值．本研究结果说明不同焚烧厂飞灰化学组成存在很大差异;焚烧废物成分对飞灰中的重金属元素有一定的影响,但焚烧工艺过程是影响固体废物焚烧飞灰中重金属和二英分布和丰度的最主要因素．因此,无论是生活垃圾还是工业危险废物的焚烧飞灰均具有很大的潜在环境风险,处理或利用前必须对其性质进行充分调研．