垃圾填埋场渗沥水污染及控制研究

通过现场调查和模拟试验的方法,对武汉市郭茨口垃圾填埋场氧化塘和垃圾填埋渗沥水的特性进行了调研,查明了渗沥水的污染特性、降解规律,及氧化塘的运行状况和塘内渗沥水的污染负荷、分布特点.并对武汉市土壤和民用煤灰对渗沥水的吸附和防渗能力进行了初步研究。     

COMPARISON OF TWO PESTICIDE LEACHING INDICES1

ABSTRACT: Agriculture is the leading cause of regional‐scale non‐point source (NPS) pollution in the world today. Indices of pesticide leaching in the vadose zone are well suited for estimating the spatial accumulation and distribution of NPS pollutants in the near surface. In this study the Attenuation Factor (AF) and the Leaching index (Li) are used to assess the near‐surface leaching potential for 32 important agrochemicals for world average agricultural soil properties and recharge rates. The AF and Li indices both require the same input data and appear to work well for nonpolar chemicals. In the effort reported here the AF and Li indices produced similar results for the 32 agrochemicals. Pesticides with high and moderate leaching potential are identified. The AF estimates were more constant than the Li estimates for changes in the compliance depth and recharge rate. The AF index is simpler to use than the Li index and, therefore, is more likely to be employed in the future for screening/ranking agrochemicals relative to regional‐scale NPS ground water vulnerability.     

铬渣中六价铬水浸动力学研究

采用连续反应器,考察了铬渣水浸工艺参数,研究了铬渣中Cr(VI)的水浸动力学。结果表明,铬渣水浸过程速率为通过固膜的扩散所控制,通过对整个过程分阶段分别进行拟合,建立了Cr(VI)水浸过程的动力学模型,后阶段反应模型在α=0.05上显著,两个反应阶段表观活化能分别为18 kJ/mol和10.25 kJ/mol。     

Soil,water and plants contamination by total chrome and chrome VI

The chrome (Cr) is a metal utilized in various industrial sectors and its investigation in the environment is necessary, for the Cr (III) contain aessential micronutrients in the human nourishment and the Cr (VI), on the other hand, is toxic. In the present work soil contamination with Cr was realized in drainagelysimetersset in concentrations of 0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ of total Cr, with the intuition to determine the total Cr and Cr (VI) flux in leached water, in soil and in plants of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). In the lysimeters were cultivated four plants, in three cultivation circles. In the end of the cultivations was observed, that the total applied Cr leached in the soil, evidencing the Cr mobility in latossoil with simulant characteristics to the ones utilized in this paper. The Cr (VI) concentrations in the soil increased soon after the treatment applications, but tend to decrees in the time elapse, the same tendences were observed for the total Cr concentrations in the leached water. The Cr absorption by plants was related to the Cr disponibility in the soil, for the soil concentration and the plants decreased with time passing. The Cr mobility in the soil possibilitated the groundwater contamination presenting risks to the water quality and, consequently to public health.     

碱浸－电解法生产锌粉过程的生命周期评价研究

随着高品位优质闪锌矿资源的减少,研究开发利用贫杂锌矿、含锌废渣等二次资源的锌冶炼清洁工艺,成为锌冶炼工业重要而迫切的任务.碱浸－电解法作为一种生产高纯度锌粉的新工艺,具有流程简单、原料适应性强、成本低等优点.为了对碱浸－电解法生产高纯度锌粉新工艺的环境影响进行分析,运用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,对该新工艺的环境负荷进行研究,并与传统的酸法和火法工艺进行了对比.结果表明:与传统酸法和火法工艺相比,碱法生产锌粉工艺的环境协调性更优越,其能源总需求、温室效应指数及酸化指数分别是酸法工艺的87.76%,47.80%和0.08%;是火法工艺的93.94%,9.25%和0.14%.      

不同渗滤条件下垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的渗滤特性

对垃圾焚烧飞灰在酸性及碱性条件下的渗滤特性进行了实验研究,结果表明,重金属Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr及Hg存在相似的渗滤规律,即在酸性及碱性(pH>12)条件下均有一定的渗滤,且渗滤量随着渗滤液浓度及液固比(L/S)的增加而增加,如对于Pb在酸、碱2种渗滤环境下,当液固比由20增加到40时,渗出量分别由0.457 mg/kg、51.142 mg/kg增加到104.576 mg/kg、59.692 mg/kg.而Cd、Cu只在酸性环境下存在渗滤情况,在碱性环境下几乎没有渗滤,在酸性环境下对于所研究的几种重金属,Cd、Pb、Zn的渗出率较高,而其余几个重金属的渗滤相对较少.     

Low-cost adsorbents for urban stormwater pollution control

• Various low-cost adsorbents are studied for capturing urban stormwater pollutants. • Adsorbents are selected based on both pollutant adsorption and unexpected leaching. • Application modes of adsorbents influence their utilization efficacy in practice. Stormwater represents a major non-point pollution source at an urban environment. To improve the treatment efficacy of stormwater infrastructure, low-cost adsorbents have increasingly gained attention over the past decades. This article aims to briefly discuss several key aspects and principles for utilization of low-cost adsorbents for urban stormwater treatment. To determine whether a low-cost adsorbent is suitable for stormwater treatment, two aspects should be carefully assessed, including: 1) its adsorption mechanisms and behaviors that can influence the binding stre.g.,h, adsorption kinetics, and treatment capacity; and 2) unwanted chemical leaching patterns that can affect the extent of water quality degradation. Furthermore, the application mode of an adsorbent in the system design influences the utilization efficiency. Adsorbents, after dosed to soil media in infrastructure, would eventually become ineffective after oversaturation. In contrast, standalone filters or innovative composite adsorbents (e.g., adsorbent-coated mulch chips) can enable a long-lasting adsorption due to periodic replacement with fresh adsorbents. The aforementioned principles play a key role in the success of urban stormwater treatment with low-cost adsorbents.     

草酸钴废料协同浸出水钴矿中的钴和铜

利用草酸钴废料协同浸出水钴矿中的钴和铜,考察了工艺条件对浸出率的影响,并推荐了一种二段浸出及后续生产草酸钴的工艺流程。实验结果表明,在草酸钴废料与水钴矿的质量比为20%、反应时间为120 min、反应温度为85 ℃、初始H2SO4浓度为1.00 mol/L、液固比为4 mL/g的最佳工艺条件下,钴和铜的浸出率分别达到98.82%和96.24%。该工艺应用于水钴矿的还原浸出,在回收利用草酸钴废料的同时,降低了还原剂的消耗,且对浸出液后续处理工艺无影响。     

MSWI BA treated with Advanced Dry Recovery: a field scale study on materials’ leaching properties

In many European countries, the environmental properties of waste-derived aggregates are mostly assessed based on laboratory leaching tests such as the standardised percolation tests CEN/TS/14405, ISO/TS 21268-3, or DIN 19528. These tests are conducted under specified conditions, which are similar yet somewhat different from realistic field conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the leaching properties of ADR (Advanced Dry Recovery) recovered MSWI BA in the field in order to understand more about its environmental impacts in actual civil engineering structures. Two field scale studies (a lysimeter and a larger interim storage field study) were constructed and the leachate quality was investigated. These results were then complemented with the results of previously conducted laboratory leaching tests using a liquid to solid ratio (L kg^?1) comparison. The results demonstrated that the leaching behaviours of many potentially harmful substances, such as chloride, copper and antimony, was similar despite the study scale. In addition, this study illustrated the importance of investigating the leaching properties of waste-derived aggregates on a larger scale, even though the uncertainties in such studies may not be easily controlled.     

Interactions of Atmospheric Deposition with Coniferous Canopies in Estonia

Throughfall and open field bulk precipitation were measured at three coniferous sites during 1995–2002 in the framework of ICP Integrated Monitoring and at five coniferous sites during 1996–2002 in the framework of ICP Forests (Level II). The coniferous canopies acted as a sink for nitrate and ammonium and as a source for base cations: Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺. The estimated share of SO₄–S dry deposition from total deposition was 1.5–4 times higher for dormant period compared to growing period. During the study period average annual throughfall and bulk deposition of SO₄–S decreased significantly, 2.8 and 2.3 times, respectively. Throughfall enrichment with base cations increased in the order Mg < Na < Ca < K. Using Na as a tracer ion, average dry deposition and canopy leaching were calculated. Leaching was the dominant process for TF enrichment by potassium. Leaching of base cations occurred during growing as well as dormant period. The calculated internal flux of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ varied in the range of 0.6–2.0 and 0.6–1.2 kg ha⁻¹ per year in spruce and pine stands, respectively. The internal circulation of K⁺ was significantly higher (8.9–10.9 kg ha⁻¹ per year) in spruce stands than in pine stands (2.7–4.4 kg ha⁻¹ per year).