化纤厂废硅藻土再生利用研究

化纤厂废硅藻土再生利用研究以处理腈纶废水后的硅藻土为研究对象,从废硅藻土再生利用的角度出发,用动态渗滤实验方法研究硅藻土上所吸附的主要金属离子(Na+、Al3+、Fe2+、Zn2+、Ca2+、Mg2+)的相关解吸规律及效果,并用静态浸泡实验方法研究SO42-的解吸规律效果及效果。实验结果表明:以pH=11水溶液进行动态渗滤处理,所获得的硅藻土吸附性能得到较好的恢复。     

废碱性干电池中锌资源的酸法回收工艺研究

利用废碱性干电池中负极活性物质——锌资源,进行了酸性浸出生产饲料级硫酸锌产品的实验研究,探索了反应时间、反应温度、酸浓度对酸浸出反应的影响,及溶液浓度、结晶温度等条件对结晶产物的影响,确定了最佳的反应条件,最终得到优等品级别一水硫酸锌和七水硫酸锌产品。     

我国垃圾焚烧飞灰性质及其重金属浸出特性分析

调查分析了我国12个垃圾焚烧飞灰样品的性质和重金属浸出规律.结果表明,飞灰的主要组成元素有Si、Ca、Al、Fe、K、Na、Cl 等,除1个样品外,飞灰样品中的重金属元素含量均在0 .5%～3 .0%范围内.由此可见焚烧飞灰具有较大的环境风险,必须按危险废物进行安全管理.应用单批次浸出程序检测结果表明,美国EPA的毒性浸出程序（TCLP）和我国固体废物浸出毒性鉴别程序（GB 5086 .1-1997）对焚烧飞灰中的重金属浸出率偏低,且二者对飞灰危险性评估的差异较大,这主要是受二者不同的浸出液最终的pH值所影响.常规酸中和容量（GANC）浸出试验结果表明,飞灰中重金属的浸出主要受浸出液的最终pH值影响,而该pH值取决于飞灰中碱性物质与浸取剂酸度二者间的相互作用.通过对不同类别程序的浸出过程分析发现,在相同浸取液作用下,单批次式浸出程序的静态平衡终点与连续过流式浸出程序的平衡终点存在较大差异,有必要结合我国飞灰特点和实际处置场景,建立适用于焚烧飞灰的单批次式毒性浸出试验程序,避免对飞灰危险性识别的不足和管理的失控.     

含锌铅废物碱法浸出工艺

各种工业过程中产生的大量含锌铅废物中含有大量的有毒重金属.必须在危险废物处置场所进行处置,这导致处置成本增加.采用强碱浸出的方法回收含锌铅废物中的Zn和Pb,考察了浸出温度、NaOH浓度、液固比(浸提液体积/原料质量)和搅拌速率等工艺参数对Zn、Pb和杂质金属浸出率的影响,得出其最佳工艺条件.在温度为70℃、液固比为13:1、搅拌速率为800r/min条件下.用5 mol/L的NaOH浸出含锌铅废物,浸出液中Zn和Pb的质量浓度分别达33.47、11.21 g/L,浸出率分别达到94.24%和93.47%.     

无患子皂苷与柠檬酸协同洗脱污染土壤中镉铅

以某废弃铅锌矿区重金属污染土壤为研究对象,采用无患子皂苷与柠檬酸(CA)协同洗脱污染土壤中的Cd和Pb.以无患子果皮投加量为20 g/L所得水浸提液和浓度为0.3 mol/L的CA配制复配淋洗剂.在浸提液中添加CA后,能有效提高对土壤中Pb的去除率.在浸提液和CA的体积比为1:3、淋洗剂pH为5、淋洗时间为12.0 h...     

西红柿镍毒害的土壤主控因子和预测模型研究

选取我国有代表性的17种土壤,运用生态毒理学方法研究了土壤中外源镍(Ni)对西红柿的毒性,结果发现土壤中外源Ni对西红柿的生长毒性主要受土壤pH值、有机碳含量的影响.在供试淋洗(使用模拟的人工雨水滤洗定量的土壤样品)和非淋洗土壤中,Ni对西红柿生物量50%抑制的毒性阈值(EC50)范围分别从11mg·kg-1到932mg·kg-1和从7mg·kg-1到2055mg·kg-1,其最大值和最小值比例分别达到了85和294倍.土壤pH值是土壤中Ni对西红柿生长毒性的主控因子,进一步引入土壤有机碳因子时,淋洗和非淋洗土壤理化性质和EC50之间回归方程的决定系数R2由0.853和0.743分别提高到了0.925和0.824.利用土壤性状(土壤pH值、有机碳含量)可以较好地预测土壤中外源Ni对西红柿生长的毒性阈值.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性

利用柱试验研究了我国垃圾焚烧飞灰在过流系统中的浸出特性. 结果表明:在过流系统中,浸出液的pH呈先升后降的趋势,并且在试验后期保持在碱性条件(pH在9.66左右);飞灰中阳离子(Na+,K+,Ca2+)和阴离子(Cl－,SO₄2－)的浸出主要集中在试验初期(第96 天),使初期浸出液含盐量很高;柱试验中4种重金属的浸出质量浓度〔ρ(Cd),ρ(Pb),ρ(Cu)和ρ(Cr)〕远低于批试验,但试验前期浸出液中的重金属浸出质量浓度相对较高;当浸取时间超过120 d时,虽然浸出液中重金属浸出质量浓度明显降低,但仍有一定量的重金属不断浸出.      

Effects of canopy-deposition interaction on H+ supply to soils in Pinus banksiana and Populus tremuloides ecosystems in the Athabasca oil sands region in Alberta, Canada

Soil acidification has been of concern in the oil sands region in Alberta due to increased acid deposition. Using the canopy budget model, and accounting for H⁺ canopy leaching by organic acids, we determined sources and sinks of H⁺ in throughfall in jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands in two watersheds from 2006 to 2009. In pine stands, H⁺ deposition was greater in throughfall than in bulk precipitation while the opposite was true in aspen stands. The annual H⁺ interception deposition was 148.8-193.8 and 49.7-70.0 mol_c ha⁻¹ in pine and aspen stands, respectively; while the annual H⁺ canopy leaching was 127.1-128.7 and 0.0-6.0 mol_c ha⁻¹, respectively. The greater H⁺ supply in pine stands was caused by greater interception deposition of SO₄²⁻ and organic acids released from the pine canopy. Such findings have significant implications for establishing critical loads for various ecosystems in the oil sands region.     

Cadmium adsorption on vermiculite, zeolite and pumice: batch experimental studies

Batch experiments were performed to evaluate the combined effects of ionic activity, pH, and contact time on the cadmium sorption in three different minerals, vermiculite, zeolite, and pumice, commonly employed as substrata in nurseries and recently considered for their potential use in remediation methods. The extent of cadmium sorption was vermiculite>zeolite>pumice, as shown by the Langmuir and Freundlich parameters, and it was highly dependent on mineral characteristics. The percentage of cadmium sorption in zeolite and vermiculite did not depend on cadmium concentration, while in pumice this percentage was positively correlated to the initial cadmium concentration. At low cadmium concentrations (30-120 microM), the metal sorbed on zeolite was mainly present in the nonexchangeable form (70%) at levels much higher than those found for vermiculite and pumice. The primary variable responsible for determination of cadmium mobility in these minerals was confirmed to be pH. The ionic concentrations of Hoagland nutrient solution were significantly modified by both pH and mineral composition, while the presence of cadmium caused no changes. With vermiculite and zeolite, the time-course of cadmium sorption was related to mineral composition to a greater extent than to cadmium concentration. While with pumice, the percentage of cadmium sorbed after 6 weeks was lower than with the other two minerals, and it was inversely correlated to the initial cadmium concentration.