中─高级变质相中水热流体的形成与作用

固体地壳中流体是普遍存在的，中—高级变质相中的矿物并非只发生晶体塑性变形，溶解和溶移作用在非糜棱岩化岩石中占主导地位，因为高温高压环境下存在的水热流体，在变质变形作用中起着至关重要的作用。在周围分布有网络状进进剪切带的递进缩短带中，与应交梯度有直接关系的单个矿物的位错密度梯度在其晶体边缘形成，产生了化学位梯度，从而使矿物边缘发生溶解。变形分解作用是产生这一过程的动力，并为流体汇聚形成水热循环系统提供了空间。     

基于水土流失的景观格局分析方法

景观格局和生态过程是景观生态学研究的重要内容,但是很多研究只重视景观格局的研究,而忽略了生态过程的研究。文章针对水土流失这一重要生态过程,提出了基于水土流失过程的景观坡度指数和景观空间负荷对比指数,并对黄土高原泾河流域15个子流域的景观格局进行了分析,认为泾河流北部各子流域主要以水土流失的＂源＂景观为主,景观坡度指数大,空间负荷指数小,水土流失风险大;流域南部各子流域上游以＂汇＂景观为主,坡度指数大,中下游以＂源＂景观为主,景观空间分布不均衡,存在一定的水土流失风险;流域东部局部子流域主要以水土流失的＂汇＂景观为主,＂源＂景观相对较小,＂源＂-＂汇＂景观空间分布均衡,水土流失风险小。     

荧光化学传感器的制备及其在环境分析监测中的应用

随着荧光分析技术和传感技术的发展,荧光化学传感器已经成为一种重要的连续分析测量装置.它具有很高的选择性和灵敏度,可以实现对pH、溶解氧、含氮化合物、有毒害重金属离子、有机污染物进行实时和在线测定,因此在环境分析监测方面具有广泛的应用前景.简要介绍了荧光化学传感器的原理、制备及分类,综述了近年来荧光化学传感器的发展及其在环境分析监测中的最新研究成果,并探讨了荧光化学传感器在环境分析监测领域的应用前景和发展方向.     

延河流域降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征

降雨侵蚀力(R)反映了降水引起土壤水蚀的潜在能力,其时空分布规律定量研究是进行土壤侵蚀预报的基础.利用延河流域22个雨量站24a逐日降雨资料,分析了该区降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征.结果表明,降雨侵蚀力与降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量具有一致的年内年际变化趋势.降雨侵蚀力年内变化为单峰型,集中分布在5～9月,占全年R值的91.61%.降雨侵蚀力多年平均值为1580.58MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1,最高值(1981年)为2417.70MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1,最低值(1999年)仅585.29MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1,年际间变化为中等变异,变异系数为0.32.烧房砭站多年平均R值最大,为2190.33MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1,镰刀湾和杨山站多年平均R值最小,分别为1151.37MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1和1146.87MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1.R值与侵蚀性降雨量具有一致的空间分布格局,北部雨量站R值年际变化呈现轻微的增加趋势,其它站点R值年际变化相对呈现出轻微的减少趋势,总体上延河流域降雨侵蚀力呈现下降趋势,趋势系数为-0.004.     

Emission of intermediate volatility organic compounds from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil

Intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) are crucial precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, gaseous IVOCs emitted from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil (HFO) were investigated on a test bench, which could simulate the real-world operations and emissions of ocean-going ships. The chemical compositions, emission factors (EFs) and volatility distributions of IVOC emissions were investigated. The results showed that the main engine burning HFO emitted a large amount of IVOCs, with average IVOC EFs of 20.2–201?mg/kg-fuel. The IVOCs were mainly comprised of unspeciated compounds. The chemical compositions of exhaust IVOCs were different from that of HFO fuel, especially for polycyclic aromatic compounds and alkylcyclohexanes. The volatility distributions of IVOCs were also different between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel. The distinctions in IVOC emission characteristics between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel should be considered when assessing the IVOC emission and related SOA formation potentials from ocean-going ships burning HFO, especially when using fuel-surrogate models.     

净化铁锰氨生物滤池内氨氮转化途径

为考察净化铁锰氨生物滤池内NH₄+-N的转化途径,利用氮素计量关系和沿程试验研究了净化铁锰氨生物滤池内产生TN_loss(氮损失)的原因和NH₄+-N转化途径. 结果表明,净化铁锰氨生物滤池内DO消耗异常,TN_loss不守恒,当进水ρ(NH₄+-N)平均值分别为1.262、2.296、3.111 mg/L时,NLR(氮损失率)分别能达到7.89%、12.91%、17.73%. 利用硝化反应和CANON(全程自养脱氮)方程式计算得出理论TN_loss和TDOC(理论耗氧量),与实际TN_loss和ADOC(实际耗氧量)的差值分别小于±0.030、±0.10 mg/L,各阶段NH₄+-N 通过CANON途径转化的比例分别为48.58%、60.77%、68.10%,硝化反应和CANON途径共同参与了NH₄+-N转化. 沿程试验结果表明,整个试验阶段,NO₂--N在滤层中均有积累,并在滤层厚度为10~18 cm内出现NO₂--N和NH₄+-N共存的现象,进一步证明CANON途径是净化铁锰氨生物滤池内产生TN_loss的原因.      

上海市大气颗粒物高浓度区污染物的源解析

应用受体模式的化学质量平衡法支９个监测点的大气颗粒物进行污染源的源解析，得出这９个监测点的各类污染源平均贡献率为建筑尘占３２．１％，土壤尘占２７．５％，钢铁尘占２４．９％，燃煤尘占１４．８％，汽车尘和燃油尘分别占０．２％和０．４％。     

原油储罐呼吸损耗测试中的问题探讨

影响原油储罐呼吸损耗的因素有原油蒸汽压、油罐结构、周转量、周转时间、罐内空间高度（生产上称空高）和温差等,通过对行业标准SY5267-91《油田原油损耗测试方法》的实际运用,分析了影响测试准确度的因素,提出了改进方法。     

不同点火模式下软质聚氨酯泡沫燃烧的实验研究

为研究软质聚氨酯泡沫(FPUF)的燃烧行为对火灾的影响,采用锥形量热仪(CONE)分析FPUF在强制点火和非强制点火模式下的燃烧行为、热释放速率HRR、质量损失速率MLR和燃烧效率η。研究结果表明：当外部辐射≥40 kW/m²时,FPUF在2种点火模式下燃烧的HRR和MLR均出现2个明显的峰值且η约为88%;当外部辐射<40 kW/m²时,FPUF在非强制点火模式下燃烧的HRR和MLR曲线趋于单峰形式;FPUF在强制点火模式下燃烧前期为异氰酸酯(TDI)和多元醇的混合燃烧,在非强制点火模式下为TDI的挥发。根据研究结果修正现有燃料组分的热值计算方法,获得FPUF和多元醇的热值分别为(20±2),(28±3) kJ/g。     

Sulfate removal from waste chemicals by precipitation

Chemical oxidation using Fenton's reagent has proven to be a viable alternative to the oxidative destruction of organic pollutants in mixed waste chemicals, but the sulfate concentration in the treated liquor was still above the acceptable limits for effluent discharge. In this paper, the feasibility of sulfate removal from complex laboratory wastewaters using barium and calcium precipitation was investigated. The process was applied to different wastewater cases (two composite samples generated in different periods) in order to study the effect of the wastewater composition on the sulfate precipitation. The experiments were performed with raw and oxidized wastewater samples, and carried out according to the following steps: (1) evaluate the pH effect upon sulfate precipitation on raw wastewaters at pH range of 2-8; (2) conduct sulfate precipitation experiments on raw and oxidized wastewaters; and (3) characterize the precipitate yielded. At a concentration of 80 g L(-1), barium precipitation achieved a sulfate removal up to 61.4% while calcium precipitation provided over 99% sulfate removal in raw and oxidized wastewaters and for both samples. Calcium precipitation was chosen to be performed after Fenton's oxidation; hence this process configuration favors the production of higher quality precipitates. The results showed that, when dried at 105 degrees C, the precipitate is composed of hemidrate and anhydrous calcium sulfate ( approximately 99.8%) and trace metals ( approximately 0.2%: Fe, Cr, Mn, Co, Ag, Mg, K, Na), what makes it suitable for reuse in innumerous processes.