Li-ion battery recycling and cobalt flow analysis in Japan

Batteries sometimes contain precious or toxic substances (e.g. nickel, cobalt, lead, mercury, cadmium). However, the collection and recycling rate of small batteries were low in Japan.We focus on cobalt in lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries and conduct chemical analysis, questioner survey and flow analysis in Japan.Results of chemical analysis showed that the concentration of cobalt in Li-ion batteries was around 20% regardless of the year manufactured or the manufacturer. As a result of the consumer questionnaire survey, it became clear that 70% or more of the small batteries are not being removed when small electronic products are finally disposed. The survey also revealed that recognition of the law and system for collection and recycling of small rechargeable batteries is approximately 30–40%. Substance flow analysis showed that both production and demand for Li-ion batteries (cobalt) have increased during 2002–2010. The collection rate for used Li-ion batteries was about 10% during this period; uncollected batteries were either stored or disposed through incineration and landfill as municipal solid waste.     

苏、浙、皖、闽、湘、鄂、赣7省酸沉降农业危害——农业损失估算

为估算苏、浙、皖、闽、湘、鄂、赣7省由酸沉降造成的农业经济损失,利用野外开顶式熏气装置对水稻、小麦、大麦、棉花、大豆、油菜、番茄、胡萝卜和菜豆9种作物进行模拟酸雨与SO₂的单独处理和复合处理。建立酸雨pH值和SO₂浓度对农作物产量的单一影响模型和复合影响模型,从而推算出自然条件下7省农作物受酸沉降危害的减产量,利用市场价格法估算并分析酸沉降造成的７省农业经济损失。分析表明,酸沉降已对7省的农业生产造成了一定程度的危害,7省主要农作物受酸沉降影响播种面积达991.83万hm²,减产562.41万t,经济损失约合36.99亿元。     

雨强对黄土区土壤钾素径流流失的影响

通过不同雨强人工模拟冲刷试验，初步分析了雨强对黄土区土壤钾素径流的影响。结果表明，雨强(冲刷强度)增大，溶解态钾质量浓度，溶解态钾、缓效钾和速效钾流失量明显增加；在不同雨强的条件下，缓效钾、速效钾的流失量与坡度呈显著的指数函数关系；雨强对速效钾、缓效钾的富集率影响不大；雨强比坡度对缓效钾和速效钾的流失影响更大。     

智慧水务背景下的供水管网漏损控制研究进展

供水管网漏损是国内外供水行业面临的普遍难题,不仅造成大量的水资源浪费,而且带来管网水质二次污染风险.因此,管网漏损控制一直是供水行业的研究热点.尤其是近年来智慧水务的发展,使管网基础信息与运行监测数据不断完善,大大推动了管网漏损控制技术的发展.综述了管网破损预测、管网漏损识别定位、管网漏损控制方案优化、数据质量控制与漏损管理系统等方面的研究进展,并分析了当前研究的特点与不足,以期为管网漏损控制技术的发展提供借鉴.     

分光光度法在化学需氧量快速测定中的应用研究

通过实验研究，建立起化学需氧量（ＣＯＤ）分光光度快速测定方法．回流时间由原来的２ｈ缩短为１５ｍｉｎ，并用分光光度法代替碘量法进行测定．该法与标准法相比，具有操作简便、测定快速等优点．该法对实际水样进行没定，测定结果与标准法相比，无显著性差异     

Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM1 and PM2.5 in Tianjin, China: Impacts of biomass burning and primary biogenic sources

The submicron particulate matter (PM₁) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) are very important due to their greater adverse impacts on the natural environment and human health. In this study, the daily PM₁ and PM_2.5 samples were collected during early summer 2018 at a sub-urban site in the urban-industrial port city of Tianjin, China. The collected samples were analyzed for the carbonaceous fractions, inorganic ions, elemental species, and specific marker sugar species. The chemical characterization of PM₁ and PM_2.5 was based on their concentrations, compositions, and characteristic ratios (PM₁/PM_2.5, AE/CE, NO₃^?/SO₄^2?, OC/EC, SOC/OC, OM/TCA, K+/EC, levoglucosan/K⁺, V/Cu, and V/Ni). The average concentrations of PM₁ and PM_2.5 were 32.4 µg/m³ and 53.3 µg/m³, and PM₁ constituted 63% of PM_2.5 on average. The source apportionment of PM₁ and PM_2.5 by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model indicated the main sources of secondary aerosols (25% and 34%), biomass burning (17% and 20%), traffic emission (20% and 14%), and coal combustion (17% and 14%). The biomass burning factor involved agricultural fertilization and waste incineration. The biomass burning and primary biogenic contributions were determined by specific marker sugar species. The anthropogenic sources (combustion, secondary particle formation, etc) contributed significantly to PM₁ and PM_2.5, and the natural sources were more evident in PM_2.5. This work significantly contributes to the chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM₁ and PM_2.5 in near-port cities influenced by the diverse sources.     

蔬菜地土壤磷提取及模拟径流中磷素潜在流失的影响

蔬菜地磷素流失是一种典型农业非点源污染类型。通过观测地表径流中溶解态反应磷(DRP)、生物可利用磷(BAP)可以监测土壤磷素流失程度。受到各种客观条件的限制,这两个指标比较难于获取,而土壤中的总磷(TP)、Olsen(OP)、Mehlich-1(M-1P)和水溶性磷(Pw)可以通过常规分析手段获取。本文选取27个典型蔬菜样地,分析测定各样地土壤中的总磷(TP)、Olsen(OP)、Mehlich-1(M-1P)和水溶性磷(Pw)四个磷提取变量,采用了经典方法计算土壤磷流失潜能指标——磷吸持饱和度(DPS)。同时采用模拟径流实验得出典型蔬菜样地地表径流样中溶解态反应磷(DRP)、生物可利用磷(BAP)。结果表明:M-1P、Pw与DPS呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别达到了0.85和0.74(p<0.01);而M-1P、Pw与DRP浓度相关系数(r2=0.843和0.786,p<0.01)大于TP、OP与DRP浓度的相关系数(r2=0.554和0.722,p<0.01)。结论认为,通过测定M-1P、Pw和计算DPS能比较准确、便捷地预测土壤径流磷素流失风险程度。     

菜地氨挥发损失及影响因素原位研究

为获得菜地氨挥发通量和氨挥发损失率,并探讨其与环境影响因素之间的关系,于2009年1月～2009年5月,采用由风洞系统-大气气态污染物连续收集与在线分析装置和离子色谱联用组成的、时间分辨率为15min的氨挥发在线测定系统,用模拟试验方法对菜地(蔬菜上海青和生菜)施用尿素氨挥发特征进行研究.结果表明,系统氨气收集效率为(...     

化肥减量对紫色土坡耕地磷素流失的影响

采用人工径流小区对紫色土坡耕地降雨产流、磷素流失浓度进行定点观测,研究不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(T1)、优化施肥(T2)、化肥减量配施秸秆(T3)4种不同处理对紫色土坡耕地磷素在地表径流、壤中流中流失的影响.结果表明,壤中流是紫色土坡耕地的主要产流方式,占比高达70％以上,其中磷素主要通过泥沙、地表径流2个途径流失.化...     

巴县乡镇工业环境污染造成的经济损失与初步分析

巴县１９９３年乡镇工业污染损失大约为２．２９亿元，约占当年全县ＧＮＰ的７．８％。其中农业损失约占４５％，人体健康损失约占２８％。受酸雨作用的钢材和建筑物的损失为０．２６亿元，相当于全县当年新增的生产性固定资产的大部分。文章还论述了巴县乡镇工业污染损失贡献权重系数的参数取值过程。