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571.
Antoine?O.H.C.?Leduc Maud?C.O.?Ferrari Jocelyn?M.?Kelly Grant?E.?BrownEmail author 《Chemoecology》2004,14(2):107-112
Summary. Recent studies have demonstrated that under
weakly acidic conditions (pH 6.0), many prey fishes, including
juvenile rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), do not
exhibit overt antipredator responses to conspecific chemical
alarm cues. In laboratory trials, we investigated the potential
effects of reduced pH on the ability of hatchery reared, predator
naïve juvenile rainbow trout to acquire the recognition of
a novel predator (yellow perch, Perca flavenscens). Initially,
we exposed trout to the odour of a predatory yellow perch,
buffered to pH 6.0 (weakly acidic) or pH 7.0 (neutral) paired
with conspecific skin extracts (also buffered to pH 6.0 or 7.0)
or a distilled water control. Juvenile trout exhibited significant
increase in antipredator behaviour when exposed to neutral
skin extract (pH 7.0). When retested 48 hours later to perch
odour alone (pH 7.0), only trout initially conditioned with
neutral skin extracts (pairs with either neutral or acidic perch
odour) exhibited a learned recognition of perch odour as a
predator risk. Those initially exposed to weakly acidic skin
extract or the distilled water control did not show a learned
response to predator odour. These results demonstrate that the
ability to acquire the recognition of novel predators is
impaired under weakly acidic conditions, as would occur in
natural waterways affected by acidic precipitation. 相似文献
572.
环境污染经济损失估算模型的构建及其应用 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
基于污染物的环境污染损失机理性模型,Logistic方程及环境价值的相关理论,建立了环境污染经济损失估算模型.该模型不仅能反映出污染物浓度、污染物排放量、环境资源价值与经济价值损失间的关系,而且利用该模型可以定量地反映环境污染对环境资源价值造成的损害.将该模型用于估算福州市工业水污染造成的经济损失,其估算量与利用经济计量法计算出的结果进行比较发现:二者评价结果较为一致,但前者略大. 相似文献
573.
PM2.5 chemical source profiles for vehicle exhaust, vegetative burning, geological material, and coal burning in Northwestern Colorado during 1995 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) chemical source profiles applicable to speciated emissions inventories and receptor model source apportionment are reported for geological material, motor vehicle exhaust, residential coal (RCC) and wood combustion (RWC), forest fires, geothermal hot springs; and coal-fired power generation units from northwestern Colorado during 1995. Fuels and combustion conditions are similar to those of other communities of the inland western US. Coal-fired power station profiles differed substantially between different units using similar coals, with the major difference being lack of selenium in emissions from the only unit that was equipped with a dry limestone sulfur dioxide (SO2) scrubber. SO2 abundances relative to fine particle mass emissions in power plant emissions were seven to nine times higher than hydrogen sulfide (H2S) abundances from geothermal springs, and one to two orders of magnitude higher than SO2 abundances in RCC emissions, implying that the SO2 abundance is an important marker for primary particle contributions of non-aged coal-fired power station contributions. The sum of organic and elemental carbon ranged from 1% to 10% of fine particle mass in coal-fired power plant emissions, from 5% to 10% in geological material, >50% in forest fire emissions, >60% in RWC emissions, and >95% in RCC and vehicle exhaust emissions. Water-soluble potassium (K+) was most abundant in vegetative burning profiles. K+/K ratios ranged from 0.1 in geological material profiles to 0.9 in vegetative burning emissions, confirming previous observations that soluble potassium is a good marker for vegetative burning. 相似文献
574.
575.
近10年来长江下游地区耕地动态变化特征 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
基于遥感资料和GIS分析,对1988~1998年长江下游地区耕地与其他土地利用类型之间相互转变数量特征,以及耕地变化强度、耕地流失强度的区域分异特征进行了分析和描述,对耕地变化导致的环境效应进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明:①1988~1998年,耕地与林地、灌丛、水体之间的转变,对其数量动态变化起着主要作用,在上述转变过程中,耕地总体表现出数量明显减少、质量降低的趋势;②农田向城镇的单向转移,体现了区域快速城市化对耕地的侵占过程,从空间分布看,该过程主要体现于上海、苏锡常地区、南京、杭州等城市化过程最为剧烈的地区;③长江下游地区1988~1998年耕地年均流失率为0.77%,流失的主体部分是位于长江三角洲和巢湖平原自然条件优越、水利灌溉配套设施完善的传统优质耕地,新形成的部分则主要来自于滩涂湿地开垦及低山丘陵地区毁林开荒。总体而言,长江下游地区耕地流失体现在数量锐减、质量下降两个方面,并伴随着一系列生态破坏问题的出现。 相似文献
576.
澄江尖山河小流域不同土地利用类型地表径流氮、磷的流失特征 总被引:14,自引:4,他引:10
根据径流小区观测, 对澄江尖山河小流域不同土地利用类型地表径流中氮、磷的流失特征进行了研究. 结果表明:灌草丛和次生林都有较好的调节径流和减少土壤流失的作用,在相同的降水量下,坡耕地总产流量分别是人工林、次生林、灌草丛的1.58,12.45和5.52倍;而从产沙量来看,坡耕地的产沙量也远大于其余几种土地利用类型,坡耕地的总产沙量分别是人工林、次生林和灌草丛的8.41,53.06和41.90倍. 不同土地利用类型径流中的总氮、总磷的输出量差异显著,总氮、总磷输出趋势都表现为坡耕地>人工林>灌草丛>次生林;不同土地利用类型径流小区侵蚀泥沙中的总氮、总磷输出量同样为坡耕地>人工林>灌草丛>次生林,且坡耕地的输出量远大于其余几种土地利用类型. 相关分析表明,径流中带走的总氮量大于泥沙,磷的输出主要是以泥沙结合态为主,泥沙是磷的主要载体. 相似文献
577.
Urban geochemistry: research strategies to assist risk assessment and remediation of brownfield sites in urban areas 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Thornton I Farago ME Thums CR Parrish RR McGill RA Breward N Fortey NJ Simpson P Young SD Tye AM Crout NM Hough RL Watt J 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2008,30(6):565-576
Urban geochemical maps of Wolverhampton and Nottingham, based on multielement analysis of surface soils, have shown distribution
patterns of “total” metals concentrations relating to past and present industrial and domestic land use and transport systems.
Several methods have been used to estimate the solubility and potential bioavailability of metals, their mineral forms and
potential risks to urban population groups. These include sequential chemical extraction, soil pore water extraction and analysis,
mineralogical analysis by scanning electron microscopy, source apportionment by lead isotope analysis and the development
of models to predict metal uptake by homegrown vegetables to provide an estimate of risk from metal consumption and exposure.
The results from these research strategies have been integrated with a geographical information system (GIS) to provide data
for future land-use planning. 相似文献
578.
Sandra Steiger Klaus Peschke Josef K. Müller 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(7):1053-1060
Nestmate recognition in eusocial insects has received a lot of attention in the last decades. Recognition in subsocial species,
in contrast, has been ignored almost completely and consequently, and little is known about proximate mechanisms of recognition
in subsocial systems. We studied one subsocial species, the biparental brood caring burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, an interesting model organism for studies of recognition because of its ability to discriminate between breeding partners
and conspecific competitors. Recognition appears to be based on a chemical cue closely linked to the breeding status of individuals.
Breeding and non-breeding beetles consistently differ in their relative proportions of polyunsaturated cuticular hydrocarbons.
To investigate the function of these polyenes in the burying beetles’ recognition system, we quantified their concentration
on the cuticle during the early state of a breeding attempt and tested the response of breeding beetles in corresponding behavioural
experiments. We observed a rapid increase in the proportion of polyunsaturated hydrocarbons of both males and females after
they were provided with a carcass suitable for reproduction. Furthermore, we found that the relative amount of polyenes on
an individual’s surface was closely correlated with its chance of being accepted as breeding partner. Our results support
the idea that polyunsaturated hydrocarbons are involved in breeding partner recognition in N. vespilloides, functioning as a signal that conveys information about the individual’s breeding status. Breeding females have greater amount
of polyenes than breeding males, and females ingest more carrion during the first days on the carcass, which supports our
hypothesis that precursors for the respective polyenes are derived from ingested carrion. 相似文献
579.
Abstract: In theory the consideration of life-history characteristics should provide a way of making predictive generalizations about the responses of different species to environmental modification. Nevertheless, few studies have tested the validity of this assumption or attempted to apply it across large numbers of related species. We explored both quantitative and qualitative contrasts between species of waterbirds that have either expanded or contracted their ranges in southern Africa over the past 40 years to test the hypothesis that expansionists and contractionists, respectively, should share life-history characteristics and/or ecological attributes. Similarities and differences in life history and ecology were explored through multivariate statistics. Overall, life-history traits provided an inadequate explanation of whether species would be range expansionists or contractionists. By contrast, ecological attributes of species that related to habitat use correlated well with range changes. In particular, waterbird species that inhabit pans seemed to be preadapted to using human-made dams and impoundments. The ability of many species to use artificial wetlands has aided their westward range expansions into arid regions of southern Africa. By contrast, species that rely on vegetated wetlands and that require reeds for nesting were predisposed to range contraction because their habitats have been severely affected by agricultural development and urbanization. In direct contrast to range expansions, most range contractions were west to east, the eastward contraction reflected the high level of wetland loss and degradation in the eastern lowlands of South Africa. Based on analysis of ecological attributes of regional contractionists, several additional species were identified as of potential conservation concern, although such concern may not as yet have been expressed. 相似文献
580.
施用不同氮肥对坡耕地径流中N输出的影响 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5
以山东省泰安东北部刘家庄村坡耕地为研究区域,通过实地监测多次天然降雨中农田养分的流失,研究施肥处理对氮素流失的影响.结果表明,施肥显著地增大了农田径流中氮素浓度及流失量;在相同施肥量的实验条件下,与碳酸氢铵和普通尿素相比,控释尿素可有效地降低氮素流失15%~25%;70%左右的氮素流失发生在监测的前期.合理施肥、降低表土中速效氮养分含量是减少农田氮流失的关键途径之一. 相似文献