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691.
692.
大连市水土流失控制模拟研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
从控制大连市水土流失出发,结合大连市地表总体状况,根据水土流失通用方程,利用拉格朗日中值定理分析原理,模拟计算了土壤有机质含量、地面覆盖类型、地面覆盖率和水土流失控制距离等方面对水土流失造成的影响;分别计算了不同地表条件下控制水土流失的理论经济点和理论敏感点;定量分析了不同地表作用因子对控制水土流失的影响程度.模拟结果表明:对水土流失影响最大的地表作用因子是土壤有机质含量,其次依次为地面覆盖率、地面覆盖类型和水土流失控制距离;控制水土流失最基本的地表条件是,土壤有机质含量不得低于1.78%,地面覆盖率不得低于41%,地面不得裸露,最基本的植被覆盖类型是草地,水土流失控制距离不得低于3 603 m.依据模拟结果,提出了控制大连市水土流失的措施. 相似文献
693.
694.
Chemical characterization of size-resolved aerosols in four seasons and hazy days in the megacity Beijing of China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Kang Sun Xingang Liu Jianwei Gu Yunpeng Li Yu Qu Junling An Jingli Wang Yuanhang Zhang Min Hu Fang Zhang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2015,27(6):155-167
Size-resolved aerosol samples were collected by MOUDI in four seasons in 2007 in Beijing. The PM10 and PM1.8mass concentrations were 166.0 ± 120.5 and 91.6 ± 69.7 μg/m~3, respectively,throughout the measurement, with seasonal variation: nearly two times higher in autumn than in summer and spring. Serious fine particle pollution occurred in winter with the PM1.8/PM10 ratio of 0.63, which was higher than other seasons. The size distribution of PM showed obvious seasonal and diurnal variation, with a smaller fine mode peak in spring and in the daytime. OM(organic matter = 1.6 × OC(organic carbon)) and SIA(secondary inorganic aerosol) were major components of fine particles, while OM, SIA and Ca_2+were major components in coarse particles. Moreover, secondary components, mainly SOA(secondary organic aerosol) and SIA,accounted for 46%–96% of each size bin in fine particles, which meant that secondary pollution existed all year. Sulfates and nitrates, primarily in the form of(NH_4)_2SO_4, NH_4NO_3, Ca SO_4, Na_2SO_4 and K_2SO_4, calculated by the model ISORROPIA II, were major components of the solid phase in fine particles. The PM concentration and size distribution were similar in the four seasons on non-haze days, while large differences occurred on haze days, which indicated seasonal variation of PM concentration and size distribution were dominated by haze days. The SIA concentrations and fractions of nearly all size bins were higher on haze days than on non-haze days, which was attributed to heterogeneous aqueous reactions on haze days in the four seasons. 相似文献
695.
REN Nan-qi YAN Xian-feng CHEN Zhao-bo HU Dong-xue GONG Man-li GUO Wan-qian 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2007,19(2):129-134
The lack and pollution of water resource make wastewater reuse necessary. The pilot scale long-term tests for submerged membrane bioreactor were conducted to treat the effluents of anaerobic or aerobic treatment process for the high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. This article was focused on the feasibility of the wastewater treatment and reuse at shorter hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5.0, 3.2 and 2.13 h. MLSS growth, membrane flux, vacuum values and chemical cleaning periods were also investigated. The experimental results of treating two-phase anaerobic treatment effluent demonstrated that the CODfilt was less than 100 mg/L when the influent COD was between 500-10000 mg/L at HRT of 5.0 h, which could satisfy the normal discharged standard in China. The experimental results to treat cross flow aerobic reactor effluent demonstrated that the average value of CODfilt was 17.28 mg/L when the average value of influent COD was 192.84 mg/L at HRT of 2.13 h during 106 d, which could completely meet the normal standard for water reuse. The maximum MLSS and MLVSS reached 24000 and 14500 mg/L at HRT of 3.2 h respectively. Membrane flux had maximal resume degrees of 94.7% at vacuum value of 0.02 MPa after cleaning. Chemical cleaning periods of membrane module were 150 d. A simulation model of operational parameters was also established based on the theory of back propagation neural network and linear regression of traditional mathematical model. The simulation model showed that the optimum operational parameters were suggested as follows: HRT was 5.0 h, SRT was 100 d, the range of COD loading rate was between 10.664-20.451 kg/(m3.d), the range of MLSS was between 7543-13694 mg/L. 相似文献
696.
为估算苏、浙、皖、闽、湘、鄂、赣7省由酸沉降造成的农业经济损失,利用野外开顶式熏气装置对水稻、小麦、大麦、棉花、大豆、油菜、番茄、胡萝卜和菜豆9种作物进行模拟酸雨与SO2的单独处理和复合处理。建立酸雨pH值和SO2浓度对农作物产量的单一影响模型和复合影响模型,从而推算出自然条件下7省农作物受酸沉降危害的减产量,利用市场价格法估算并分析酸沉降造成的7省农业经济损失。分析表明,酸沉降已对7省的农业生产造成了一定程度的危害,7省主要农作物受酸沉降影响播种面积达991.83万hm2,减产562.41万t,经济损失约合36.99亿元。 相似文献
697.
698.
开展全国范围归因于PM2.5污染的健康负担和经济损失研究,对于污染防控政策至关重要.首先利用空气质量模型(WRF-Chem)模拟结果,分析2016年PM2.5的时空分布和暴露水平;同时结合环境健康风险及环境价值评估方法,评估PM2.5污染引起的健康负担和经济损失;最后基于情景分析方法,预估实现具体PM2.5控制目标的健康经济效益.结果表明,2016年,我国PM2.5污染主要集中在京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区、四川盆地以及西北沙漠地区,且71.49%的人口暴露在PM2.5浓度高于35 μg·m-3的环境空气中;PM2.5污染造成约106.04万人过早死亡,约占总死亡人数的10.9%,其中冠心病和中风约占80%;PM2.5污染造成健康经济损失7059.31亿元,约占国内生产总值(GDP)的0.95%.PM2.5污染造成的健康负担和经济损失存在显著空间差异,主要分布在PM2.5浓度和人口密度高的中东部地区;情景分析表明,我国所有地区PM2.5浓度降至35 μg·m-3,只能避免17.11%的健康经济损失,而降至10 μg·m-3可以带来80.47%的健康经济效益.建议环境管理者进一步加强控制力度,更好地保障居民的健康和财富利益,尤其是心脑血管疾病患者等敏感人群以及归因死亡率高的地区. 相似文献
699.
Xiaoyong Liu Mingshi Wang Xiaole Pan Xiyue Wang Xiaolong Yue Donghui Zhang Zhigang M Yu Tian Hang Liu Shandong Lei Yuting Zhang Qi Liao Baozhu Ge Dawei Wang Jie Li Yele Sun Pingqing Fu Zifa Wang Hong He 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2021,33(5):20-32
The region along the Taihang Mountains in the North China Plain (NCP) is characterized by serious fine particle pollution. To clarify the formation mechanism and controlling factors, an observational study was conducted to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the fine particulate matter in Jiaozuo city, China. Mass concentrations of the water-soluble ions (WSIs) in PM2.5 and gaseous pollutant precursors were measured on an hourly basis from December 1, 2017, to February 27, 2018. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) method and the FLEXible PARTicle (FLEXPART) model were employed to identify the sources of PM2.5. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM2.5 was 111 μg/m3 during the observation period. Among the major WSIs, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) constituted 62% of the total PM2.5 mass, and NO3? ranked the highest with an average contribution of 24.6%. NH4+ was abundant in most cases in Jiaozuo. According to chemical balance analysis, SO42?, NO3?, and Cl? might be present in the form of (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, NH4Cl, and KCl. The liquid-phase oxidation of SO2 and NO2 was severe during the haze period. The relative humidity and pH were the key factors influencing SO42- formation. We found that NO3? mainly stemmed from homogeneous gas-phase reactions in the daytime and originated from the hydrolysis of N2O5 in the nighttime, which was inconsistent with previous studies. The PMF model identified five sources of PM2.5: secondary origin (37.8%), vehicular emissions (34.7%), biomass burning (11.5%), coal combustion (9.4%), and crustal dust (6.6%). 相似文献
700.
不同经营方式毛竹林氮流失年动态规律 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为研究自然降雨条件下不同经营方式毛竹林径流养分流失的年动态变化规律及其差异,以浙江省杭州市临安区青山毛竹园为试验区,在粗放经营和集约经营区域,设置独立观察站。每次连续降雨后采集沉砂池水样,测定总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、磷酸根离子(PO43-)含量,同时在动态观测期中采集坡面土壤样品,测定pH、有机质及有效N、P含量。结果表明:(1)集约经营和粗放经营毛竹林年单位产流量分别为8086.52 m3/hm2、4850.95 m3/hm2。(2)毛竹林径流水氮流失以硝态氮为主。(3)毛竹林集约经营增加了氮磷流失风险,集约经营和粗放经营毛竹林TN年单位流失量分别为45.26 kg/hm2、25.05 kg/hm2,TP年单位流失量分别为0.31 kg/hm2、0.21 kg/hm2,与粗放经营相比,集约经营氮磷流失分别增加了80.68%、47.62%。(4)毛竹林径流水中TN浓度与土壤碱解氮含量成极显著负相关,径流水中TP浓度与土壤有效磷成极显著正相关。 相似文献