Food loss rates at the food retail,influencing factors and reasons as a basis for waste prevention measures

This paper quantifies food loss rates for fruit & vegetables, dairy products and bread & pastry as well as donations to social services. In addition potential influencing factors and reasons for food losses are investigated in order to provide a basis for the development of waste prevention measures. Detailed data from 612 retail outlets all over Austria, which covered the period of one year, were analysed and sorting analyses of discarded food were carried out in a small sample of retail outlets. Food loss amounts to 1.3% of the sales of dairy products, 2.8% for bread & pastry and 4.2% for fruit & vegetables. Returned bread amounts to additional 9.7% of the sales of bread & pastry. The food loss rates are similar to the results of previous publications. At present, 7% of the food loss is donated to social services, 38% of retail outlets do not donate any articles at all. Food loss rates are declining with increasing sales areas, increasing numbers of purchases per year and increasing sales of the retail outlet, but explain only 33% or less of the variation of food loss rates. Large differences between retail outlets of comparable structure indicate potential for reduction. More than a quarter of discarded food articles did not show any flaws besides the expiration of the best before or sell-by date. Waste prevention approaches should focus on avoiding returns, transfer of best practices, information and education of employees and customers as well as strengthening the donation to social services.     

基于保户和保险公司共享的最佳巨灾保险

采用数学模型方法研究巨灾保险,提出了保险合同怎样创新的问题.该问题的提出有利于解决巨灾保险供应不足的弊端.对保户而言,这一创新将拥有更大的弹性,进而改善其福利.通过分解巨灾风险发生的频率和损害程度,说明了保险合同怎样设计才对保户最有利.最后,在同时考虑风险发生的频率和严重性的情况下,得出了一般化模型.     

Public concerns and the public role in siting nuclear and chemical waste facilities

Nuclear and chemical waste facilities can be successfully sited, despitenimby responses, if siting programs account for the sources of public concern. Irrational fear is not the main source; instead, waste managers must deal with perceived inequities in the distribution of benefits and costs, and concern about facility safety. Benefit-cost inequities may be dealt with in part by keeping wastes where they are generated, through political restrictions, or by providing economic compensation and political incentives (for example, a local veto). Assuring people of facility safety includes allowing local control (monitoring, health assessment, regulation), and enhancing trust of facility managers through such means as rectifying past mistakes, individual-oriented education campaigns, and negotiation of compensation packages with local residents. These means should reduce —without eliminating—public opposition to local siting of nuclear and chemical waste facilities.     

印钞废水处理工艺的研究

通过对印钞废水的水质分析以有对印钞废水进行实验小试的基础上，提出了4条并行的小试工艺路线，经实验比较，结果表明，化学沉淀＋水解酸化＋好氧工艺流程为处理印钞废水的可行工艺，处理后的污水可以达标排放。     

中心流场湿式除尘器的试验研究

中心流场湿式除尘器通过在筒体内设置导流百叶窗来减轻内涡旋 ,使除尘器的压力损失大大降低 ,同时在筒体上设两根进水管 ,采用湿式除尘 ,又提高了除尘器的除尘效率。本文介绍了该除尘器的结构特点、工作原理、试验台系统的设计以及主要性能的测试结果     

某化纤废水处理改造工程实例

介绍某化纤厂的废水处理经验,采用两级混凝气浮、水解酸化、多段接触氧化法的处理工艺:对废水处理站进行调试,并对在调试期间出现的问题进行整改;最终废水出水的各项水质指标均达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)中的一级排放标准.     

生态资源破坏经济损失计量中概念和方法的规范化

本文研究了在生态资源破坏的经济损失计量中与概念和方法的规范化有关的问题。它们依次是：生态资源的多价值性及价值概念系统；用于生态资源破坏经济损失计量的两种计算结构；在资源价值型计算结构中生态资源破坏量和资源的单位功能价值的确定；在核算型计算结构中生态资源破坏对灾变的影响权的确定,以及生态破坏诱发的灾害对整个经济社会系统的冲击性影响。     

云南玉龙山东南坡降雨因子与土壤流失关系的研究

水土流失做为破坏生态环境、阻碍工农业生产、限制自然资源优势发挥的重要因素之一,是我国大部分地区生态环境系统中所面临的突出问题。本文以1985年云南玉龙雪山东南坡水土流失定点观测的实测数据为依据,着重定量分析了水土流失与其主要影响因子一降雨之间的关系。通过对比研究,阐述了不同降雨特征值对流失土量的影响,提出了雨强递减系数这一新的降雨影响因子。