化学生物絮凝工艺处理城市污水试验研究

介绍了用化学生物絮凝工艺处理上海部分地区生活污水和合流污水混合的城市污水（上海竹园排放口，简称“竹园”污水）的试验研究装置及研究过程。结果表明，在絮凝池内混合液浓度为2g/L左右、HRT＝35min、PAC加入量为70mg/L、PAM为0.5mg/L，其出水平均浓度可以达到CODCr为50mg/L，TP为0.62mg/L、SS为18mg/L，BOD5为17mg/L。均优于设计要求。     

论环境经济损益分析的方法

就建设项目环境影响评价中要进行的环境经济损益分析的目的、评价内容、评价方法等作系统介绍,以探讨国内在这方面的逐步规范化。     

自然资源资产负债表编制中生态损益核算

生态损益核算是自然资源资产负债表的重要部分,是对自然资源分类核算的扩展和补充。本文梳理生态损益核算的总体思路,系统总结生态损益核算技术,以围场县为例进行实证,遵循先实物后价值的核算原则,选择森林、草地、湿地生态系统,按不同的生态服务指标进行实物量和价值量的核算,并在已有的核算基础上计算各类型生态系统的实物量参数和价值量参数,以便根据面积统计数据进行快速简洁的核算比较。研究发现：围场县2015年生态系统服务功能价值量总值为338.99亿,与2013年相比增加了0.04%。生态系统服务功能价值量从大到小依次为草地、森林、湿地,核算期间森林和草地生态系统价值量分别下降0.06%和0.22%,湿地生态系统价值量增加4.47%。研究成果有助于全面理解和量化自然资源数量变化和质量变化带来的生态效应,并为自然资源资产负债表中的负债核算提供数据基础。     

Emissions from the combustion of eucalypt and pine chips in a fluidized bed reactor

Interest in renewable energy sources has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution,reduced costs and improved efficiency of technologies.Under the European Union(EU)energy directive,biomass is a suitable renewable source.The aim of this study was to experimentally quantify and characterize the emission of particulate matter(PM_(2.5))resulting from the combustion of two biomass fuels(chipped residual biomass from pine and eucalypt),in a pilot-scale bubbling fluidized bed(BFB)combustor under distinct operating conditions.The variables evaluated were the stoichiometry and,in the case of eucalypt,the leaching of the fuel.The CO and PM_(2.5)emission factors were lower when the stoichiometry used in the experiments was higher(0.33±0.1 g CO/kg and 16.8±1.0 mg PM_(2.5)/kg,dry gases).The treatment of the fuel by leaching before its combustion has shown to promote higher PM_(2.5)emissions(55.2±2.5 mg/kg,as burned).Organic and elemental carbon represented 3.1 to 30 wt.% of the particle mass,while carbonate(CO_3~(2-))accounted for between 2.3 and 8.5 wt.%.The particulate mass was mainly composed of inorganic matter(71% to 86% of the PM_(2.5)mass).Compared to residential stoves,BFB combustion generated very high mass fractions of inorganic elements.Chloride was the water soluble ion in higher concentration in the PM_(2.5)emitted by the combustion of eucalypt,while calcium was the dominant water soluble ion in the case of pine.     

废弃菌糠资源化过程中的成分变化规律及其环境影响

针对废弃菌糠的循环利用工艺,选取杏鲍菇菌糠、平菇菌糠、菌糠有机肥等具有阶段代表性的样品,测定其营养组分、元素含量,分析菌糠在连续栽培和废弃菌糠堆肥处置过程中成分的变化,同时分析了菌糠/菌糠有机肥的重金属环境风险评估及淋溶状态下对环境可能的影响.结果表明,连续栽培后菌糠中水分下降13.8%,蛋白质、糖类则分别上升32.9%和20.4%,仍剩余大量营养物质;废菌糠堆肥后蛋白质、糖类分别下降50%和79%,木质素、纤维素、半纤维素无明显变化,C/N比下降,总腐殖酸量增加18.6%.通过重金属含量的测定,确定菌糠/菌糠有机肥中的As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr等重金属指标均低于我国《NY525-2012有机肥料》的限值标准.菌糠/菌糠有机肥所含氮、磷、有机物均有淋出趋势,其中有机肥的氮、有机物淋失累积量相比菌糠下降15.0%和62.8%.     

Pressure relief sizing of reactive system using DIERS simplified methods and dynamic simulation method

Incidents involving uncontrolled chemical reactions continue to result in fatality, injury and economic loss. These incidents are often the result of inadequate pressure relief system designs due to a limited knowledge of the chemical reactivity hazard. A safe process design requires knowledge of the chemical reactivity of desired as well as undesired chemical reactions due to upset conditions. Simplified, cost effective methods to relief system sizing are presented by The Design Institute of Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS). They require multiple experiments, and sizing is only valid for the system composition and thermal inertia represented by the small scale experiments. Results are often conservative, especially for gassy systems. Detailed, dynamic computer simulation is highly accurate and can be used for iterative design and multiple scenario evaluation.In this study, an accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC^®) and a low thermal inertia calorimeter (automatic pressure tracking adiabatic calorimeter – APTAC™) were used to collect chemical reactivity data for the dicumyl peroxide and toluene system. Results of the pressure relief system sizing using the dynamic simulation method are presented and compared with DIERS simplified methods.     

Thermal runaway criterion for chemical reaction systems: A modified divergence method

The chemical reaction in certain range of operating conditions may exhibit parametric sensitivity where small changes in one or more of the input parameters lead to changes in the output variables (eg. reaction temperature). The sharp rise of the reaction temperature is a critical behavior that may lead to runaway conditions. Thus, it is of vital importance to determine the critical operating parameters consisting of the parametric sensitivity region under the consideration of intrinsic safety. In this paper, a modified divergence criterion is proposed based on the trace of Jacobian matrix at the maximum temperature. The nonlinear differential equations describing the dynamic behavior of the chemical reaction is linearized locally in the vicinity of the equilibrium point by the small perturbation analysis. The relationship between the perturbation equation and parametric sensitivity of the reaction system is investigated. The critical values computed by the modified divergence criterion are compared with Morbidelli and Varma criterion (MV criterion), Adler and Enig criterion (AE criterion) and divergence criterion (Div criterion). The comparison demonstrates the validity of the new criterion. In addition, the critical explosion pressures of two kinds of hazardous chemicals are computed by the various critical criteria and compared with published experimental data. The results show that the modified divergence criterion could give smaller computational error compared with the previous criteria.     

滏阳河典型河段沿河垃圾分布及河岸垃圾氨氮入河研究

针对海河流域汛期降雨淋溶和冲刷作用使沿岸垃圾中氨氮大量入河现象,选择滏阳河典型河段牛尾河、北澧河作为研究对象,对沿岸垃圾存量及堆放位置、垃圾种类进行实地调查,选择具有代表性的厨余垃圾和秸秆垃圾在不同条件下进行模拟降雨实验,研究沿河垃圾氨氮入河通量及其影响因素.结果表明,牛尾河、北澧河沿河垃圾分布与沿河村落分布基本一致,主要分布在牛尾河郊区段、牛尾河任县段及北澧河段上游,牛尾河郊区段垃圾分布呈现量大且分布集中的特点,占研究区域垃圾总量的60.9%,北澧河段垃圾存量较小且分布松散,占垃圾总量的18.1%,垃圾类型以生活垃圾为主,堆放在沿河两岸;模拟30°岸坡厨余垃圾较夯实土壤情况和模拟15°岸坡厨余垃圾较夯实土壤情况垃圾氨氮入河通量接近,分别为0.233 mg·mm-1·m-3和0.236 mg·mm-1·m-3,说明河岸角度对垃圾氨氮入河通量影响较小.模拟30°河岸厨余垃圾着重夯实土壤垃圾氨氮入河通量为0.196 mg·mm-1·m-3,说明土壤密实度通过影响下渗流量和下渗浓度对垃圾氨氮入河量有一定影响.模拟30°河岸秸秆垃圾较夯实土壤情况垃圾氨氮入河通量最小,为0.0533 mg·mm-1·m-3,说明秸秆垃圾氨氮入河贡献量小于厨余垃圾.本研究首次通过室内模拟的方式定量分析了傍河垃圾氨氮入河通量,为北方河网区域傍河垃圾氨氮入河通量的精确定量计算提供了重要参考.     

沈阳市冬季一次典型大气污染过程特征和成因分析

2013年11月18日~25日沈阳地区出现一次典型空气污染过程。采用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS),并结合气象条件分析了该次污染的成因和细颗粒物的污染特征。结果表明,不利于污染物扩散的气象条件是重污染发生的主要原因,低空排放的积累可能是造成这次污染的又一重要原因。从细颗粒物成分上看,污染过程中有机碳颗粒占比明显增加,有机物污染较为严重,颗粒物间混合加剧;从来源上看,机动车尾气、工业排放和燃煤的占比较高。     

Inventory and treatment of compost maturation emissions in a municipal solid waste treatment facility

Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the compost maturation building in a municipal solid waste treatment facility were inventoried by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A large diversity of chemical classes and compounds were found. The highest concentrations were found for n-butanol, methyl ethyl ketone and limonene (ppm_v level). Also, a range of compounds exceeded their odor threshold evidencing that treatment was needed. Performance of a chemical scrubber followed by two parallel biofilters packed with an advanced packing material and treating an average airflow of 99,300 m³ h^?1 was assessed in the treatment of the VOCs inventoried. Performance of the odor abatement system was evaluated in terms of removal efficiency by comparing inlet and outlet abundances. Outlet concentrations of selected VOCs permitted to identify critical odorants emitted to the atmosphere. In particular, limonene was found as the most critical VOC in the present study. Only six compounds from the odorant group were removed with efficiencies higher than 90%. Low removal efficiencies were found for most of the compounds present in the emission showing a significant relation with their chemical properties (functionality and solubility) and operational parameters (temperature, pH and inlet concentration). Interestingly, benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol were found to be produced in the treatment system.