化肥减量配施生物炭对紫色土坡耕地磷流失的影响

磷是农作物生长所必需的营养元素,但过量磷的投入是造成水体富营养化问题的重要原因.探究实际生产中施肥方式与磷素流失之间的关系,为科学施肥和合理减施化肥提供理论依据.本试验采用野外径流小区对紫色土坡耕地2017～2018年度多次降雨产流产沙进行定点监测,研究了不施肥处理、常规施肥处理、优化施肥处理和减量施肥配施生物炭4种不同方案对紫色土坡耕地壤中流、地表径流和泥沙磷素流失的影响.结果表明:①各处理的产流总量表现为:优化(20 737.23 L)常规(18 513.17 L)CK(18 134.58 L)生物炭(13 594.85 L),各处理的产沙总量表现为:CK(1998kg·hm~(-2))生物炭(1 884 kg·hm~(-2))优化(1 681kg·hm~(-2))常规(910kg·hm~(-2)).壤中流是紫色土坡耕地雨季产流的主要类型,占到总产流量的60.14%～87.34%,各处理的产沙总量除常规外,其他处理不存在显著性差异(P0.05).②各处理的全磷流失通量均表现为泥沙地表径流壤中流.通过壤中流流失的磷素最少,只占全磷流失通量的2.63%～12.91%,而泥沙磷素流失通量占比可达63.74%～78.74%,是紫色土坡耕地土壤磷素流失的主要输出途经.③配施生物炭可以有效减少紫色土坡耕地土壤的壤中流产流量,以及壤中流的正磷酸盐的流失通量,较常规处理分别减少49.94%和56.45%.但是对地表径流的截留效果不佳,对颗粒态磷的流失通量无明显影响,同时增加了地表径流与泥沙中的全磷流失通量,较常规处理显著增加73.28%和123.53%(P0.05).因此,为控制西南地区紫色土坡耕地磷的流失,应着重减少土壤泥沙流失的发生.而生物碳在农业生产实际应用中也应进一步优化与化肥磷素投入配比.     

气象干旱对甘肃省榆中县乡村社会—生态系统的影响

干旱影响研究是干旱及半干旱地区人地关系研究的重要内容,社会—生态系统的视角为西北地区生态脆弱—贫困区的可持续性研究提供了新的思路。选取甘肃省榆中县为研究区,运用标准化降水指数、干旱经济损失估算模型和GIS分析工具,分析干旱对粮食产量、经济发展和农户家庭的影响,归纳干旱对乡村社会—生态系统的影响机制。研究结果表明：（1）1960-2015年,榆中县气象干旱程度较强,且与粮食产量呈显著正相关,尤其对榆中县南、北部山区的粮食产量影响显著;（2）气象干旱造成的经济损失具有频率高和空间分布广的特征,经济损失严重区集中在榆中县南、北部山区;（3）农户家庭受灾面积较大,农作物减产和家庭收入损失明显,气象干旱造成的粮食安全问题严重,且“纯农型”家庭收入损失和粮食安全问题尤为突出;（4）水资源利用环、产量环、收入环—生计环和经济环为干旱影响社会—生态系统运行机制的关键环节。     

In situ synthesis of potassium tungstophosphate supported on BEA zeolite and perspective application for pesticide removal

Potassium tungstophosphate is supported on BEA zeolite by in situ synthesis for glyphosate removal. Spectroscopic measurements identified hydrogen bonding as a primal interaction of potassium salt and BEA zeolite. Composites are evaluated for glyphosate herbicide removal and adsorption process is analyzed using two isotherm models. Obtained adsorption capacities for all prepared composites lay between 45.2 and 92.2?mg of glyphosate per gram of investigated composite. Suspension acidity revealed that glyphosate is adsorbed mainly in the zwitter-ion form at the composite surface while the amount of potassium salt in the composites is crucial for the adsorption application. Exceptional adsorption behavior is postulated to come from a high degree of homogeneity among surface active sites which is confirmed by different experimental methods. Temperature programmed desorption of glyphosate coupled with mass spectrometer detected one broad, high-temperature peak which represents overlapped desorption processes from active sights of similar strength. Introduction of potassium tungstophosphate affects active sites present in BEA zeolite for glyphosate desorption and significantly increases the amount of adsorbed pesticide in comparison to BEA zeolite. Supporting of potassium tungstophosphate on BEA zeolite via in situ synthesis procedure enables the formation of highly efficient adsorbents and revealed their perspective environmental application.     

Woody species Rhus chinensis Mill. seedlings tolerance to Pb: Physiological and biochemical response

Screening potential plant species is a crucial consideration in phytoremediation technology. Our previous study demonstrated that Rhus chinensis Mill. seedlings had potentials for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil. However, its bioaccumulation and tolerance characteristics remain unclear. Seedling growth, LMWOAs secreted by roots, Pb subcellular distribution and chemical forms, and mineral elements in R. chinensis tissues were evaluated under different Pb concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400?mg/L) in culture solution at 14?days after planting. R. chinensis did not show visual symptoms of Pb toxicity under lower Pb treatments; however, Pb significantly declined the growth of seedlings under higher Pb treatments. Higher Pb stress also decreased the concentrations of nitrogen in leaves, but increased the concentrations of P and K in roots. Pb stress also decreased Mn concentrations in leaves. A great quantity of Pb was uptake and mostly retained in R. chinensis roots. Nonetheless, R. chinensis can still concentrate 459.3 and 1102.7?mg/kg Pb in leaves and stems, respectively. Most of Pb in R. chinensis tissues was stored in the cell wall with HAc-, HCl-, and NaCl-extractable form. LMWOAs secreted by R. chinensis roots showed a strong positive correlation with Pb concentrations in all plant tissues and with P in roots. Our results suggested that Pb deposited in the cell wall and integration with phosphate or oxalate might be responsible for the tolerance of R. chinensis under Pb stress in short period.     

控制流域氮流失的最佳管理措施配置及效率评估

以潮河流域为研究对象,分别进行流域整体单一措施配置和氮流失分区综合措施配置,既采用负荷去除法从污染负荷削减率的角度对BMPs配置效率进行评价,也采用R-R-V （Reliability-Resilience-Vulnerability）指数法从可靠性、可修复性和脆弱性等角度对流域水质改善效果进行评价.结果表明,分区进行氮流失综合措施配置效果更为理想,研究年内流域出口总氮削减率为14.35%~31.65%,年平均削减率为24.98%,在地表水Ⅱ类评估标准下,年平均总氮R-R-V指数为0.37、0.24、95.78,而多项单一措施的年平均削减率为17.48%,月尺度平均总氮R-R-V指数为0.36、0.24、112.96.R-R-V指数法从可靠性、可修复性和脆弱性等角度反映消减效率,无论单一措施配置或分区综合措施配置,可靠性指数与脆弱性指数的改善效率较高（大于14%）,而可修复性指数的改善效率较低.多数情况下可靠性指数与脆弱性指数的改善效率高于总氮削减率,可修复性指数的改善效率低于总氮削减率,表明流域总氮负荷虽然得到一定程度的削减且短期低于标准负荷,但其生态修复难度依旧较大.营养物标准负荷所对应浓度的设定是评估流域R-R-V指数改善效果的关键,且评估标准越严格,待评估营养物的R-R-V指数越趋于稳定.     

2013~2019年臭氧污染导致的江苏稻麦产量损失评估

基于2013~2019年江苏省115个监测站点的逐时臭氧观测数据和97个县级行政区的农作物年产量,利用AOT40的暴露响应关系,结合空间分析等方法,评估了臭氧污染导致的冬小麦和水稻两种农作物的产量损失.结果表明,2013~2019年,冬小麦和水稻的AOT40分别为（2.76~17.05）×10^-6h和（0.15~31.69）×10^-6,分别在2018年和2016年达到峰值.苏南地区水稻生长期的AOT40高值分布较多,苏北地区近3年两种农作物生长期的AOT40都有明显增势.2013~2019年,冬小麦年相对产量损失为17.7%~31.0%,年绝对产量损失达（1.94~3.75）×10⁶t.年产量损失最高的地级市是盐城和徐州,损失最低的是南京和无锡.2013~2019年,水稻年相对产量损失为8.6%~15.6%,绝对产量损失为（3.03~6.04）×10⁶t.年产量损失最高的地级市是盐城和淮安,损失最低的是无锡和常州.江苏省每年由于臭氧污染导致的农作物产量损失约相当于5000多万人一年的粮食消费量,臭氧污染对粮食生产安全造成了较为严重的威胁,应当采取有效的政策和措施控制臭氧污染,保证粮食生产稳定.     

阻抗管法隔声量测试试样密封方法探究

阻抗管法法向入射隔声量测试过程中,试样与阻抗管间的密封方式是测量结果的一个重要的影响因素。介绍了阻抗管测量法向入射隔声量的方法,重点介绍在阻抗管中的试样安装和密封方法,通过实施4种不同的密封方法,得出密封效果的排序,对阻抗法测量隔声量的试验实施具有参考价值。     

大型自然通风冷却塔环境影响的预测分析研究

大多数内陆核电厂将采用大型自然通风冷却塔作为其二次循环冷却方式,本文基于美国核管会推荐的SACTI程序,给出了该模型的基本原理和框架结构,并以江西彭泽核电厂为例,采用该程序预测分析了该核电厂大型自然通风冷却塔所造成的雾羽和太阳辐射损失的影响。并进一步研究了不同环境风速、相对湿度条件下对冷却塔造成的太阳辐射损失的影响。SACTI模型可以根据厂址逐时气象观测数据,较好地计算可见雾羽的长度、抬升高度和太阳辐射损失,其结果可以作为冷却塔环境影响评价的依据。     

强污泥流失对anammox工艺脱氮性能及菌群的影响

为探究强污泥流失对厌氧氨氧化(anammox)反应器系统脱氮性能、颗粒污泥特性及功能菌群的影响,试验以模拟废水为处理对象构建了上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器.试验结果表明,损失近一半反应器有效体积的污泥未明显破坏anammox工艺脱氮性能.反应器在4d后总氮(TN)的去除率(RE)达到89.18%污泥EPS含量较高且其PN/PS值(0.12)较低有利于anammox颗粒污泥的形成和集聚.Anammox颗粒污泥粒径>2mm的污泥占到系统总污泥的44.9%,粒径大于0.5mm的污泥占总污泥的84.3%,能够有效持留污泥.厌氧氨氧化菌的优势门为变形菌门(28.03%)、浮霉菌门(15.57%)和绿弯菌门(8.63%),优势属为anammox菌属Candidatus Jettenia(9.63%)和Candidatus Brocadia(3.54%),参与anammox反应的功能基因包括nirS (1.27%)、hzs(1.28%)、hzo(1.29%)、hao(7.04%)和hdh(0.81%),但反硝化菌及其功能基因的存在使得化学计量比Rs (ΔNO₂^--N/ΔNH₄⁺-N)和Rp (ΔNO₃^--N/ΔNH₄⁺-N)低于理论值.     

Protonated acetone ion chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry for real-time measurement of atmospheric ammonia

Ammonia (NH₃) is ubiquitous in the atmosphere, it can affect the formation of secondary aerosols and particulate matter, and cause soil eutrophication through sedimentation. Currently, the use of radioactive primary reagent ion source and the humidity interference on the sensitivity and stability are the two major issues faced by chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS) in the analysis of atmospheric ammonia. In this work, a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) Kr lamp was used to replace the radioactive source, and acetone was ionized under atmospheric pressure to obtain protonated acetone reagent ions to ionize ammonia. The ionization source is designed as a separated three-zone structure, and even 90 vol.% high-humidity samples can still be directly analyzed with a sensitivity of sub-ppbv. A signal normalization processing method was designed, and with this new method, the quantitative relative standard deviation (RSD) of the instrument was decreased from 17.5% to 9.1%, and the coefficient of determination was increased from 0.8340 to 0.9856. The humidity correction parameters of the instrument were calculated from different humidity, and the ammonia concentrations obtained under different humidity were converted to its concentration under zero humidity condition with these correction parameters. The analytical time for a single sample is only 60 sec, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 8.59 pptv (signal-to-noise ratio S/N = 3). The ambient measurement made in Qingdao, China, in January 2021 with this newly designed CIMS, showed that the concentration of ammonia ranged from 1 to 130 ppbv.