超声提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析土壤中重金属化学形态

采用超声提取处理土壤样品,用ICP-MS分析样品中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr等6种重金属元素形态,通过试验分析超声提取时土壤样品粒径、超声提取时间对提取效率的影响。方法在0.500μg/L~100μg/L之间线性良好,检出限为0.007μg/L~0.8μg/L,实际样品测定结果的RSD为4.7%~22.7%。土壤中重金属4种形态之和的总量与全量的相对偏差为11.0%~36.4%。将该方法与连续振荡法的试验结果比对,表明两方法对土壤样品的提取效率无显著性差异。     

黑土区土壤侵蚀经济损失价值估算及其特征分析——以黑龙江克拜东部黑土区为例

论文在GIS技术支持下,依据环境经济学原理,利用2005年的坡面侵蚀和沟蚀数据,对黑龙江克拜东部黑土区由土壤侵蚀造成的直接经济损失进行了定量估算;在此基础上,将黑土区土壤侵蚀经济损失与西北黄土高原地区、北方土石山区、西南岩溶区进行了对比分析。结果表明：研究区2005年由土壤侵蚀所造成的直接经济损失总价值约为9414.20×10⁴元,占当地种植业总收入的17.19%,部分乡镇损失价值占种植业收入的1/4以上。将黑土区土壤侵蚀经济损失与我国其他水蚀区对比发现：东北黑土区虽以轻度侵蚀为主,土壤侵蚀量固然不能与黄土高原相提并论,但由于黑土腐殖质含量高、养分丰富,轻度侵蚀即可造成严重的养分流失,其单位面积土壤侵蚀直接经济损失价值是黄土高原的3～4倍。     

基于MFCA的典型再生锌工艺成本优化分析

传统的成本核算方法不能很好地反映生产过程成本损失,尤其是废物处理成本。采用基于物质代谢平衡物质流成本会计(MFCA),以典型再生锌工艺为例,在确定企业层面生产过程系统边界的基础上,计算了物料成本、能源成本、系统成本和废物处理成本在各工序间的流动与分配。结果表明:再生锌生产的输入成本构成中最大物料成本约占总成本的76.16%,废物处理成本、能源成本分别占总成本的12.50%和11.19%;控制回转窑还原锌工序锌损失是降低生产成本、提高经济效益的关键,节约资源能效消耗、减少废物产生量也有利于降低成本损失。     

Food loss rates at the food retail,influencing factors and reasons as a basis for waste prevention measures

This paper quantifies food loss rates for fruit & vegetables, dairy products and bread & pastry as well as donations to social services. In addition potential influencing factors and reasons for food losses are investigated in order to provide a basis for the development of waste prevention measures. Detailed data from 612 retail outlets all over Austria, which covered the period of one year, were analysed and sorting analyses of discarded food were carried out in a small sample of retail outlets. Food loss amounts to 1.3% of the sales of dairy products, 2.8% for bread & pastry and 4.2% for fruit & vegetables. Returned bread amounts to additional 9.7% of the sales of bread & pastry. The food loss rates are similar to the results of previous publications. At present, 7% of the food loss is donated to social services, 38% of retail outlets do not donate any articles at all. Food loss rates are declining with increasing sales areas, increasing numbers of purchases per year and increasing sales of the retail outlet, but explain only 33% or less of the variation of food loss rates. Large differences between retail outlets of comparable structure indicate potential for reduction. More than a quarter of discarded food articles did not show any flaws besides the expiration of the best before or sell-by date. Waste prevention approaches should focus on avoiding returns, transfer of best practices, information and education of employees and customers as well as strengthening the donation to social services.     

Inventory and treatment of compost maturation emissions in a municipal solid waste treatment facility

Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the compost maturation building in a municipal solid waste treatment facility were inventoried by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. A large diversity of chemical classes and compounds were found. The highest concentrations were found for n-butanol, methyl ethyl ketone and limonene (ppm_v level). Also, a range of compounds exceeded their odor threshold evidencing that treatment was needed. Performance of a chemical scrubber followed by two parallel biofilters packed with an advanced packing material and treating an average airflow of 99,300 m³ h^?1 was assessed in the treatment of the VOCs inventoried. Performance of the odor abatement system was evaluated in terms of removal efficiency by comparing inlet and outlet abundances. Outlet concentrations of selected VOCs permitted to identify critical odorants emitted to the atmosphere. In particular, limonene was found as the most critical VOC in the present study. Only six compounds from the odorant group were removed with efficiencies higher than 90%. Low removal efficiencies were found for most of the compounds present in the emission showing a significant relation with their chemical properties (functionality and solubility) and operational parameters (temperature, pH and inlet concentration). Interestingly, benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol were found to be produced in the treatment system.     

黄土高原降雨驱动下流域碳输移特征及其碳流失评估：以羊圈沟坝系流域为例

通过对黄土高原典型坝系流域雨季碳沉降与径流碳输移过程的研究,探讨降雨径流过程对流域碳流失的驱动机制,并进一步评估流域碳侵蚀通量.结果表明,羊圈沟坝系流域湿、干季碳沉降月通量为3.33 kg·hm~(-2)、2.18 kg·hm~(-2),干湿季碳沉降存在一定变化且对流域碳输出贡献较小.流域8月碳输出量为944.89 kg·km~(-2),其中DOC、DIC输出量分别占55.39%、44.61%;9月碳输出量为300.29 kg·km~(-2),DOC、DIC输出量分别占23.03%、79.97%,不同降雨强度径流的碳流失量不同,总体溶解性无机碳输出比重较大.羊圈沟小雨强降雨事件中径流溶解性碳输出量为156.98 kg·km~(-2),中等雨强降雨事件中径流碳输出284.60 kg·km~(-2);该流域雨季月均碳流失模数为1.89 kg·(km~2·mon)~(-1),经评估得出研究区域年碳流失模数为2.70kg·(km~2·a)~(-1).     

Chemical Warfare Materiel: Unique Regulatory Issues

In those states that have not included CWM as hazardous materials in their RCRA programs, the RCRA requirements for management of hazardous waste would not strictly apply to any of the CWM. The Army has historically implemented procedures requiring that chemical warfare agents be managed as RCRA hazardous waste regardless of the concentration, physical form, or configuration of the agent. Such application of strict hazardous waste requirements to management of potentially nonhazardous CWM can result in remedial costs well out of proportion to potential human health and environmental benefits. Recent development of chronic toxicity values for the CWM has opened the door for development of cleanup and waste management standards for waste streams or media containing small residual amounts of CWM. Implementation of this health-based approach to management of CWM remediation wastes may, in part, help to reduce potentially unnecessary hazardous waste management costs for the nonhazardous CWM.     

Catastrophic Decline in Mollusc Diversity in Eastern Tasmania and Its Concurrence with Shellfish Fisheries

Abstract:  We used historical patterns of deposition of mollusc shells to infer changes to inshore benthic assemblages in the southeastern Tasmanian region over the past 120 years. We identified and counted shells in slices embedded within 1m long ²¹⁰Pb-dated sediment cores were collected at 13 sites in water depths of 8–16 m. Declines in mollusc species richness and shell production occurred during the past century at all sites studied, with a mean decline per 5-cm sediment slice from 21 species in 1890 to 7 species in 1990 and in shell abundance from 150 to 30 individuals over the same period. The time course of decline notably corresponded with the history of the scallop dredge fishery, presumably either because scallop dredging caused general declines in populations of mollusc species or because other factors caused a catastrophic regional decline in molluscs that included scallops. As a consequence, the fishery was forced to close. Of major concern is that losses had not previously been recognized but extended throughout the 100-km coastal span of the study. Given that fishing and other anthropogenic impacts, as well as a lack of observational data, are virtually ubiquitous for the coastal zone, major recent losses in mollusc biodiversity may be globally widespread but have gone unnoticed.     

水溶性农药稻田流失特性研究

通过大田试验和测坑试验,研究了水溶性农药的稻田流失特性及其影响因素,在此基础上得到了杀虫单和乐果的稻田流失量。结果表明:杀虫单的稻田排水流失量为208.0g·hm-2,渗漏流失量为222.0g·hm-2,总流失量为其稻季用量的14.3%;乐果的稻田排水流失量为238.5g·hm-2,渗漏流失量为160.8g·hm-2,总流失量为其稻季用量的13.4%。     

广州地区秋冬季细颗粒物PM2.5化学组分分析

分析了广州地区2009年-2010年秋冬季节大气中PM2．5样品的水溶性离子、重金属元素、有机碳/元素碳（OC/EC）、多环芳烃质量浓度和粒径分布。初步掌握了广州地区秋冬季节大气中PM2．5的化学组分和特点,有机质（OM）是广州地区秋冬季PM2．5中最主要的成分,其次是硫酸根离子、硝酸根离子和铵根;PM2．5中有机碳和元素碳的空间分布特征相似,并受一次源排放影响;PM2．5中的重金属含量以铝、锌、铅相对较高,且城区高于城郊;PM2．5中17种多环芳烃、苯并（ a）芘（ BaP）的浓度均为城郊高于市区。