Decision support systems for major accident prevention in the chemical process industry: A developers’ survey

Solid major accident prevention management is characterized by efficient and effective risk assessments. As a means of addressing the efficiency aspect, decision support analysis software is becoming increasingly available. This paper discusses the results of a survey of decision support tools for investigating (internal and external) major hazards in the chemical industry. The most significant features, such as the usability and the functionality of the toolkits are discussed. Toolkit characteristics are analyzed in the light of the different major risk decision process stages. Consequently, valuable supportive information for company decision makers purchasing such software is given. Furthermore, conclusions are drawn and recommendations are formulated for establishing priorities for future risk toolkits developments.     

Chemical Warfare Materiel: Unique Regulatory Issues

In those states that have not included CWM as hazardous materials in their RCRA programs, the RCRA requirements for management of hazardous waste would not strictly apply to any of the CWM. The Army has historically implemented procedures requiring that chemical warfare agents be managed as RCRA hazardous waste regardless of the concentration, physical form, or configuration of the agent. Such application of strict hazardous waste requirements to management of potentially nonhazardous CWM can result in remedial costs well out of proportion to potential human health and environmental benefits. Recent development of chronic toxicity values for the CWM has opened the door for development of cleanup and waste management standards for waste streams or media containing small residual amounts of CWM. Implementation of this health-based approach to management of CWM remediation wastes may, in part, help to reduce potentially unnecessary hazardous waste management costs for the nonhazardous CWM.     

基于遥感和GIS的新疆耕地变化及驱动力分析

为了研究新疆耕地变化趋势及其驱动力,利用1990、2000年TM影像及2005、2008年中巴遥感影像及其4期土地利用数据库和野外调查数据,应用遥感和GIS技术,对新疆近20年来耕地数量变化及区域差异进行分析,探讨了影响耕地动态变化的驱动因子。结果表明,近20年来新疆耕地总量一直在增长,但其年均净增速度呈先增后减的趋势,2000—2005年间达到峰值,耕地的动态变化主要是耕地与草地间的相互转化,中东、西北边缘地带的耕地面积相对变化较大。此外,影响新疆耕地开发的主要因素是人口增长和水土资源的限制,同时政策因素也具有一定的调控作用,但随着农业科技的进步,水、土资源对耕地开发的限制作用在逐渐减弱;影响耕地流失的主要因素由自然撂荒和建设占用逐渐转向人为弃耕和生态退耕,经济因素和政策因素成为耕地流失的主要驱动力,自然因素的影响在变小。     

航空有机玻璃热老化失重分析和暴露时间估计方法

对YB-DM-11航空有机玻璃在4个温度点下进行了热老化试验,每个温度点的试验分别设定4个不同的暴露时间。通过试验得出该材料在不同热环境下的质量保持率、温度和暴露时间。在此基础上,通过回归分析确定质量保持率和时间对数的关系,进而得出了质量保持率一定时时间对数与热力学温度倒数关系的回归方程。最后利用回归方程得到了在所选温度下达到给定质量保持率的估计时间。     

武汉市郊典型利用方式下土壤磷素特征及流失风险分析

当前地表水体环境问题日益突出,磷素作为水体富营养化的关键控制因子而备受关注。本研究通过实地采样分析,研究了武汉市郊区典型利用方式下土壤磷素形态剂含量特征,并分析了其流失风险。结果表明:不同利用方式下的土壤磷素水平差异较大,各形态磷水平排序是蔬菜地稻田常规旱地苗圃地;武汉城郊0～20cm表层土壤全磷(TP)含量为255.4～1763.1mg/kg,平均值为975.4mg/kg;土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)为1.3～164.2mg/kg,平均值为56.4mg/kg;藻类有效磷(NaOH-P)含量为33.4～910.7mg/kg,平均值为204.0mg/kg;土壤Olsen-P为56.0mg/kg可作为武汉市郊区土壤磷素流失的临界值,且超过该临界值的土样有34.9%,其中有93.3%采自蔬菜地,表明各利用方式下蔬菜地土壤磷素流失风险最高。     

基于Logistic模型水环境污染农业经济损失研究

基于污染物的环境污染损失机理性模型,Logistic方程及环境价值的相关理论,建立了环境污染经济损失估算模型。利用此模型估算了2003—2007年某市2条主要河流J河和G河的水污染造成的农业经济损失,并计算了2007年度5种污染物浓度单独增加10%造成的污染损失值。结果表明：近5a来,2条主要河流由于水环境污染造成的农业经济损失逐年增加。     

基于水流路径与景观单元相互作用的非点源污染模拟研究

从污染物进入受纳水体的载体水流着手,沿水流路径模拟污染物迁移过程中各景观栅格单元与周边景观栅格单元的相互作用关系,并将这种相互作用分为"推动"和"阻碍"两个方面,综合两种作用计算空间不同位置景观栅格单元污染物的入河迁移系数.同时,通过水文累积计算,获得河道水质空间分布特征.最后,以东北海伦地区4个子流域作为案例研究区,模拟得到流域污染源和水体污染程度的空间分布示意图,并利用2007、2008年10场降雨后流域出口的水质监测数据与模拟值进行了比较分析.结果显示,模拟N含量与监测TN值显著相关,模拟P含量与监测颗粒态P含量显著相关,表明该研究方法能定性地描述流域N、P污源染以及受纳水体水质时空分布特征.但模拟计算出的N、P含量均远远高于实测值,说明该模拟方法还需进一步改进以达到准确量化的目标.     

黑土区土壤侵蚀经济损失价值估算及其特征分析——以黑龙江克拜东部黑土区为例

论文在GIS技术支持下,依据环境经济学原理,利用2005年的坡面侵蚀和沟蚀数据,对黑龙江克拜东部黑土区由土壤侵蚀造成的直接经济损失进行了定量估算;在此基础上,将黑土区土壤侵蚀经济损失与西北黄土高原地区、北方土石山区、西南岩溶区进行了对比分析。结果表明：研究区2005年由土壤侵蚀所造成的直接经济损失总价值约为9414.20×10⁴元,占当地种植业总收入的17.19%,部分乡镇损失价值占种植业收入的1/4以上。将黑土区土壤侵蚀经济损失与我国其他水蚀区对比发现：东北黑土区虽以轻度侵蚀为主,土壤侵蚀量固然不能与黄土高原相提并论,但由于黑土腐殖质含量高、养分丰富,轻度侵蚀即可造成严重的养分流失,其单位面积土壤侵蚀直接经济损失价值是黄土高原的3～4倍。     

水质交易与太湖流域水污染物排放交易

水质交易是美国提升和保持水质的创新性政策工具。美国水质交易政策完善,实施时间长、范围广,其中不乏成功案例。太湖流域化学需氧量排放交易已在浙江省的杭州、嘉兴正式开展,江苏省太湖流域化学需氧量排放交易项目正处于积极准备中。太湖流域水污染排放交易应该借鉴水质交易的经验,妥善解决交易基准、交易方资格、排放权价格、交易区域和交易比率等关键问题。     

Biosphere–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen and greenhouse gases at the NitroEurope core flux measurement sites: Measurement strategy and first data sets

The NitroEurope project aims to improve understanding of the nitrogen (N) cycle at the continental scale and quantify the major fluxes of reactive N by a combination of reactive N measurements and modelling activities. As part of the overall measurement strategy, a network of 13 flux ‘super sites’ (Level-3) has been established, covering European forest, arable, grassland and wetland sites, with the objective of quantifying the N budget at a high spatial resolution and temporal frequency for 4.5 years, and to estimate greenhouse gas budgets (N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂). These sites are supported by a network of low-cost flux measurements (Level-2, 9 sites) and a network to infer reactive N fluxes at 58 sites (Level-1), for comparison with carbon (C) flux measurements.Measurements at the Level-3 sites include high resolution N₂O, NO (also CH₄, CO₂) fluxes, wet and dry N deposition, leaching of N and C and N transformations in plant, litter and soil. Results for the first 11 months (1.8.2006 to 30.6.2007) suggest that the grasslands are the largest source of N₂O, that forests are the largest source of NO and sink of CH₄ and that N deposition rates influence NO and N₂O fluxes in non-agricultural ecosystems. The NO and N₂O emission ratio is influenced by soil type and precipitation. First budgets of reactive N entering and leaving the ecosystem and of net greenhouse gas exchange are outlined. Further information on rates of denitrification to N₂ and biological N₂ fixation is required to complete the N budgets for some sites. The quantitative roles played by CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ in defining net greenhouse gas exchange differ widely between ecosystems depending on the interactions of climate, soil type, land use and management.