溴阻燃剂对肝细胞的毒性

为评价四溴联苯醚(2,2,4,4-tetrabromodipheny lether,PBDE-47)、五溴联苯醚(2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenylether,PBDE-99)、九溴联苯醚(polybrominated dipheny lethers206,PBDE-206)、六溴环十二烷(hexabromocyclododecane,HBCD)、四溴双酚A(tetrabromobisphenol A,TBBPA)对人肝细胞(LO2)的体外细胞毒性。将5种溴阻燃剂与人肝细胞LO2共同培养,采用四甲基偶氮噻唑蓝比色法(MTT法)检测5种溴阻燃剂对LO2细胞的相对增殖率,并按照GB/T16886.5-2003/ISO10993-5:1999标准评价5种溴阻燃剂对LO2的细胞毒性。体外实验表明,5种溴阻燃剂对LO2细胞均具有抑制作用,其中PBDE-47、PBDE-99和HBCD呈现剂量依赖关系。     

我国沿海地区贝类样品中十溴联苯醚污染水平分析

BDE-209是溴代阻燃剂十溴联苯醚的主要成分,本研究应用GC-NCI-MS(气相色谱-负化学源-质谱)方法同位素稀释技术,测定了从沿海五省采集的48份贝类样品中BDE-209含量.所有样品中均检出BDE-209,含量范围为16.24—445.35 ng.g-1湿重,平均含量(61.29 ng.g-1湿重)显著高于国内外相关报道.其中,采自辽宁省的海蛎子样品BDE-209含量最高.结果提示,我国有关海域存在较为严重的BDE-209污染,应引起有关部门的关注.     

Batch-test study on the dechlorination of 1,1,1-trichloroethane in contaminated aquifer material by zero-valent iron

Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons are common groundwater contaminants. One possible remediation option is in-situ reductive dechlorination by zero-valent iron, either by direct injection or as reactive barriers. Chlorinated ethenes (tetrachloroethene: PCE; trichloroethene: TCE) have received extensive attention in this context. However, another common groundwater pollutant, 1,1,1-trichlorethane (TCA), has attracted much less attention. We studied TCA reduction by three types of granular zero-valent irons in a series of batch experiments using polluted groundwater, with and without added aquifer material. Two types of iron were able to reduce TCA completely with no daughter product concentration increases (1,1-dichloroethane: DCA; chloroethane: CA). One type of iron showed slower reduction, with intermediate rise of DCA and CA concentrations. When evaluating the formation of daughter products, the tests on the groundwater alone showed different results than the groundwater plus aquifer batches: DCA did not temporarily accumulate in the batches with added aquifer material, contrary to the batches without added aquifer material. 1,1-dichloroethene (DCE, also present in the groundwater as an abiotic degradation product of TCA) was also reduced slower in the batches without added aquifer material than in the batches with aquifer material. Redox potentials gradually decreased to low values in batches with aquifer material without iron, while the batches with groundwater alone maintained a constant higher redox potential. Either adsorption processes or microbiological activity in the samples could explain these phenomena. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR: a targeted gene probe technique) for chlorinated aliphatic compound (CAH)-degrading bacteria confirmed the presence of Dehalococcoides sp. (chloroethene-degraders) but was negative for Desulfobacterium autotrophicum (a known co-metabolic TCA degrader). DCA reduction was rate determining: first-order half-lives of 300-350 h were observed. TCA was fully removed within hours. CA is resistant to reduction by zero-valent iron but it is known to hydrolyze easily. Since CA did not accumulate in our batches, it may have disappeared by the latter mechanism or it may not have formed as a major daughter product.     

垃圾焚烧发电厂周边土壤多溴联苯醚污染特征及来源解析

为了分析市政垃圾焚烧发电厂PBDEs(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,多溴联苯醚)排放对周边环境的影响,于2012年8—9月,在哈尔滨2座市政垃圾焚烧发电厂周边共采集20个表层(0~10 cm)土壤样品,分析土壤中PBDEs的污染特征及其来源. 结果表明:垃圾焚烧发电厂周边土壤中w(∑₁₂PBDEs)(12种PBDEs的质量分数之和)为5.32~169 ng/g(以干质量计,下同),平均值为62.9 ng/g;PBDEs的主要组分为BDE-209,w(BDE-209)为5.18~169 ng/g,占w(∑₁₂PBDEs)的95%以上;w(∑₁₂PBDEs)显著高于2006年哈尔滨市区污染土壤值,二者相差1~2个数量级. 由于垃圾处理年限和处理量差异较大,垃圾焚烧发电厂A周边土壤中w(PBDEs)显著高于垃圾焚烧发电厂B. 与国内其他用地类型污染土壤相比,垃圾焚烧发电厂周边土壤中PBDEs处于中度污染水平. 主成分分析结果显示,PBDEs主要来源于商用十溴联苯醚及其降解物和商用五溴联苯醚.      

Ecotoxicological effects of mixed pollutants resulted from e-wastes recycling and bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Chinese loach （Misgurnus anguiUicaudatus）

To understand potential ecotoxicological e ects of electrical and electronic equipment waste (e-waste) recycling and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) bioaccumulation in loaches, a semi-field experiment using Chinese loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) as experimental fish was performed. Larval loaches were kept in net-cage for three months in an e-wastes recycling site and a reference site in Southeastern China. There was significant di erence of the survival rate between the loaches from the e-wastes recycling site (27%, 19/70) and from reference site (70%, 49/70). Histopathological responses were also found in all the livers examined in loaches from the e-wastes recycling site. These results showed that mixed pollutants resulted from e-wastes recycling led to ecotoxicological e ects on loaches. The bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the main pollutants in e-waste, in loaches was also studied, the mean concentration of total PBDEs in sediment was 6726.17 ng/g wet weight and in water samples was 4.08 ng/L (dissolved phase). BDE 209 was the dominant congener in sediment and with relatively high concentration in water. Relatively low concentration of BDE 209 (less than 0.01% of total PBDEs) and high concentration of BDE47 (up to 39.34% of total PBDEs) were detected in loaches.     

Concentrations and sources of an emerging pollutant, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), in sewage sludge for land application

The presence of an emerging brominated flame retardant, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE), has been confirmed in Spanish sewage sludge. Thirty one samples from different urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were analyzed for this brominated flame retardant. DBDPE was positively identified and quantified in all samples at lower concentrations (47.0 ± 29.7 ng/g dry weight (dw); mean ± SD) than those obtained for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) (290 ± 236 ng/g dw; mean ± SD) in a previous study. Influence of the WWTP characteristics in the pollutant levels was evaluated. No significant correlations were obtained between DBDPE concentrations and the population or sewage sludge production rate associated with the plants, neither wastewater treatment method. Sources of DBDPE in the sludge were also evaluated. Data indicate a common origin for DBDPE and BDE-209, which may be related to leaching processes during the use and disposal of consumer products containing these chemicals. Nevertheless, DBDPE contents are not influenced by industrial activities, which suggests that the infusion of DBDPE commercial mixture is not a source of this chemical into the environment, and indicates that the use of DBDPE in the Spanish industry is still low compared to deca-BDE.     

多溴联苯醚的生物效应研究

多溴联苯醚(Polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)由于其良好的阻燃性能被广泛应用于电子电器,家具,装饰材料及其他产品中。自使用以来,PBDEs在环境、生物体、人体中的污染水平快速增长,对生物体及人体的潜在危害日趋严重。国际社会已经认识到其危害性,部分PBDEs产品,如六溴联苯醚、七溴联苯醚、四溴联苯醚、五溴联苯醚已被列入禁用名单。文章概述PBDEs在生物体中的污染水平、生物累集效应以及PBDEs在生物体内的转化及代谢效应,着重阐述了PBDEs对神经系统、生物转化酶系统、抗氧化防御系统、生殖系统及内分泌系统的毒性效应,同时对PBDEs毒性作用机制及PBDEs环境相关污染浓度研究提出展望。     

泉州山美水库及入库河流沉积物中多溴二苯醚的时空分异和降解分析

为了解城市水源水库中多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)的时空分异和同系物的降解来源及其贡献,分析了泉州山美水库及入库河流表层沉积物中PBDEs的含量、污染程度、空间分布、水文期变化、赋存量、同系物组成及其降解来源的贡献.结果表明,入库河流沉积物中∑PBDEs中值(1072.1 ng·g^-1)是山美水库(160.4 ng·g^-1)的6.7倍,山美水库单位面积沉积物中∑PBDEs的赋存量(80.3 kg·km^-2)是太湖的6.3倍,北美五大湖的188倍,其污染程度较国内外大多数湖库更严重,且以BDE-209为主(84.5%～99.2%).水库大多数样点(r为0.564～0.994,P<0.034)及河流各点(r为0.953～1.0,P<0.000)间PBDEs组成相似度较高,入库区和入库河流样点间极显著正相关(r为0.779～0.964,P<0.005)且相关性强于其他功能区,显示入库河流是水库中PBDEs的主污染源.库尾区与入库河流相关性较低(r为0.454～0.915,P≤0.128),受九都镇影响较大.各样点∑...