有机危险废物在惰性气氛中热降解动力学特征

为研究有机危险废物在惰性或还原性高温工业窑炉(如炼铁高炉、炼焦炉、煤气化炉、煤液化炉等)中的协同处置效果,分别选择热稳定性在第1~2等级中的典型有机物——苯和氯乙烯,在氮气气氛高温管式炉进行热降解试验. 将定量的气态苯或氯乙烯分别与氮气混合后通入高温管式炉中,采用GC-MS检测煅烧后尾气中苯和氯乙烯的浓度,以分析其热降解特性. 结果表明:苯在500~1 100 ℃时热降解率(a)随温度(T)升高而快速增加,增幅达70%;在1 100 ℃以上时,苯热降解率缓慢增加,最终达到完全降解.氯乙烯在300~900 ℃时热降解率快速增加,增幅在55%左右,900 ℃以上热降解率增加缓慢直至完全降解.苯和氯乙烯的热降解率均随煅烧时间(t)增加而升高.苯和氯乙烯的热降解动力学模型分别为a=1-exp[-743.3exp(-12 930/T)t]和a=1-exp[-3.90exp(-4 307.8/T)t].通过苯的热降解动力学模型,可预测热稳定性高于氯乙烯的有机物的热降解率;而通过氯乙烯的热降解动力学模型,可预测比其热稳定性低的有机物的热降解率.      

水体重金属-有机物复合污染的协同处理技术研究进展

重金属离子与有机污染物可以通过多种方式共同存在于水体环境中,形成复合污染。本文在简述重金属-有机物复合污染的来源和相互作用机理的基础上,详细阐述了现有的协同处理技术的研究和应用现状,分析了各种技术的原理、效果、优势以及缺陷,为进一步开发新型协同处理技术提供参考,对水体污染的防治具有积极意义。     

人工神经网络及分子拓扑参数在酚类有机物QSBR研究中的应用

利用分子拓扑参数作为输入参数,探索了人工神经网络对２７种酚类有机物的定量结构－生物降解性能关系（ＱＳＢＲ）。结果表明,将人工神经网络运用于有机物的生物降解性能建模是可行的。所建模型预测结果和文献数据十分接近,预测能力优于已有文献报道,且能够较好区分同分异构体。     

Integration of traditional and innovative characterization techniques for flux-based assessment of Dense Non-aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) sites

Key attributes of the source zone and the expanding dissolved plume at a trichloroethene (TCE) site in Australia were evaluated using trends in groundwater monitoring data along with data from on-line volatile organic compound (VOC) samplers and passive flux meters (PFMs) deployed in selected wells. These data indicate that: (1) residual TCE source mass in the saturated zone, estimated using two innovative techniques, is small ( 10 kg), which is also reflected in small source mass discharge ( 3 g/day); (2) the plume is disconnecting, based on TCE concentration contours and TCE fluxes in wells along a longitudinal transect; (3) there is minimal biodegradation, based on TCE mass discharge of  6 g/day at a plume control plane  175 m from source, which is also consistent with aerobic geochemical conditions observed in the plume; and (4) residual TCE in the vadose zone provides episodic inputs of TCE mass to the plume during infiltration/recharge events. TCE flux data also suggest that the small residual TCE source mass is present in the low-permeability zones, thus making source treatment difficult. Our analysis, based on a synthesis of the archived data and new data, suggests that source treatment is unwarranted, and that containment of the large TCE plume ( 1.2 km long,  0.3 km wide; 17 m deep;  2000–2500 kg TCE mass) or institutional controls, along with a long-term flux monitoring program, might be necessary. The flux-based site management approach outlined in this paper provides a novel way of looking beyond the complexities of groundwater contamination in heterogeneous domains, to make intelligent and informed site decisions based on strategic measurement of the appropriate metrics.     

Impacts of the physiochemical properties of chlorinated solvents on the sorption of trichloroethylene to the roots of Typha latifolia

Sorption to plant roots is the first step for organic contaminants to enter plant tissues. Mounting evidence is showing that sorption to plant roots is nonlinear and competitive. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of physiochemical properties of homologous chlorinated ethenes and ethanes on the competitive sorption of trichloroethylene (TCE) to the roots of Typha latifolia (cattail). The results showed that chlorinated ethenes exerted significantly stronger competition on the sorption of TCE than chlorinated ethanes. Individual physiochemical properties of organic compounds could be related to the competitive capacity of chlorinated ethenes, but the roles appeared secondary, with molecular structures showing primary effects. Based on these observations, a two-step sorption mechanism was proposed, consisting of the interactions between organic compounds and functional groups on the root surface and subsequent pore filling and absorption to the hydrophobic domains in the composition of roots.     

不同紫色母岩对景观水体氮磷及有机物去除的影响

选取重庆地区分布面积较广的蓬莱镇组(S1)、沙溪庙组(S2)、飞仙关组(S3)和遂宁组(S4)这4种不同紫色母岩,将其灭菌后加到未灭菌的取自西南大学崇德湖的景观水体中,进行生态缸构建,研究不同紫色母岩理化性质对水体中氮磷及有机物去除的影响.结果表明,实验条件下,S1组对水体总氮、总磷及氨氮去除效果最好,去除率分别为45.1%、62.3%、90.0%;S4组对水体中COD去除效果最好,去除率为94.5%;实验前后紫色母岩中氨氮含量变化均不明显,说明紫色母岩的吸附作用不是导致水体中氨氮下降的主要因素;砷对硫酸盐还原菌有抑制作用,铜、镁对革兰氏阴性菌有促进作用,水体中微生物多样性与总氮含量正相关;微生物群落结构与环境因子的PCA分析得出母岩通过释放矿质元素影响水体中微生物群落结构及组成,从而影响水体氮磷及有机物去除.     

固定化优势菌种处理焦化废水中几种难降解有机物的试验研究

针对焦化废水中的３种难降解有机物（喹啉、异喹啉、吡啶）筛选了具有效高降解能力的优势菌种。采用无纺布－PVA复合载体对优势菌种进行包埋固定。研究了包埋固定化优势菌种对相应有机物的降解特性。结果表明,经优势菌种处理8h,3种难降解有机物均可降解90％以上。     

pH影响下小麦根吸附极性有机物的行为研究

文章以标准纤维素为对照吸附剂,以菲为对照吸附质,采用批量平衡振荡法进行吸附实验,研究不同pH条件下,小麦根吸附极性污染物(2,4-二氯苯酚和硝基苯)的行为差异。结果表明:污染物吸附以疏水性分配为主,吸附系数(K_d)值随化合物疏水性的增强而增强;非解离型极性污染物(硝基苯)的吸附与疏水性污染物(菲)类似,吸附等温线呈线性,相关系数(R²)均大于0.98,同时pH对吸附的影响无显著性差异(P>0.05);解离型极性污染物(2,4-二氯苯酚)的吸附随pH增加而降低,仅在pH 5.0时呈现吸附线性,在pH 7.0和8.0时均呈非线性,等温线逐渐向浓度轴弯曲,这源于疏水作用以及解离的2,4-二氯苯酚与吸附剂之间静电作用的共同影响。根的吸附能力大于纤维素,这与根中含有类脂物质有关。     

西南丘陵区村镇典型供水水源有机物分布特征及对饮水水质的影响

以西南丘陵区村镇典型供水水源原水及其净化水为研究对象,分析了水质净化常规工艺前后其有机污染物分布特征及对饮水水质的影响.结果表明:该区域村镇供水水源属微污染水源水体,有机污染物以溶解性中小分子有机物为主,占有机物总量的50%~80%.共检测到53种共14类有机物,主要为烷烃、酯、酚、苯类物质,占有机物总量的80%~90%左右,有机酸、烯烃、醇和醛含量较小.有机物中二氯甲烷、苯酚、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯含量较高,并且出现了除草剂、食品添加剂、抗生素等污染物,如特丁津、2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚、萘啶酸等.水质净化常规工艺主要去除相对分子质量10×10~3的有机物,小分子量有机物中有机酸类去除效果较好,但烷烃、酯、酚、苯类有机物去除效果较差.     

Rapid degradation of hexachlorobenzene by micron Ag/Fe bimetal particles

The feasibility of the rapid degradation of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by micron-size silver (Ag)/iron (Fe) particles was investigated.Ag/Fe particles with different ratios (0,0.05%,0.09%,0.20%,and 0.45%) were prepared by electroless silver plating on 300 mesh Fe powder,and were used to degrade HCB at different pH values and temperatures.The dechlorination ability of Fe greatly increased with small Ag addition,whereas too much added Ag would cover the Fe surface and reduce the effective reaction surface,thereby decreasing the extent of dechlorination.The optimal Ag/Fe ratio was 0.09%.Tafel polarization curves showed that HCB was rapidly degraded at neutral or acidic pH,whereas low pH levels severely intensified H2 production,which consumed the reducing electrons needed for the HCB degradation.HCB degradation was more sensitive to temperature than pH.The rate constant of HCB dechlorination was 0.452 min-1 at 85℃,50 times higher than that at 31℃.HCB was degraded in a successive dechlorination pathway,yielding the main products 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene within 2 hr.