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81.
M. W. Kress R. Baker S. J. Ursic 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1990,26(5):747-756
ABSTRACT: The deposition and chemistry of precipitation were estimated for one year in two forest ecosystems in the South-Central United States. Precipitation, throughfall, litter leachate, and soil leachate were analyzed for a small catchment of pine-hardwoods in southeastern Oklahoma and for a catchment of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) in northern Mississippi. In the pine-hardwood forest, 98 percent of the acid deposition was neutralized, 50 percent in the forest canopy, and 48 percent in the forest floor. In the pine forest, 75 percent of the acid deposition was neutralized, all in the forest floor. The pine-hardwood ecosystem accumulated sulfate, nitrate, and ammonia ions, and lost base cations. During seasons of deficient precipitation, dry deposition appeared to enrich the concentrations of hydrogen, nitrate, sulfate, and ammonia ions in throughfall samples at both locations. 相似文献
82.
Abundance of fecal caliform bacteria is a weak index of the presence of human pathogens in wastewater entering coastal waters.
In spite of this, use of fecal caliform indices for management purposes is widespread. To gain insight into interpretation
of fecal coliform data, we evaluated size of stocks of fecal coliforms in water, sediments, and sea wrack, in Buttermilk Bay,
a coastal embayment in Massachusetts. Sediments contained most of the fecal coliforms. Fecal coliforms in sediments were as
much as one order of magnitude more abundant than in the water column or in sea wrack. The fecal coliforms in sediments of
Buttermilk Bay were so abundant that resuspension of fecal coliforms from just the top 2 cm of muddy sediments could add sufficient
cells to the water column to have the whole bay exceed the federal limit of fecal coliforms for shellfishing.
The major sources of fecal coliforms to the bay were water-fowls, surface runoff, groundwater, and streams. Waterfowl were
the largest source of fecal coliforms during cold months; surface runoff, streams, and groundwater were most important during
warm months. Redirection of surface runoff pipes is unlikely to be a very successful management action since contributions
via this source are insufficient to account for the measured increases in concentrations of fecal coliforms in water. Removal
of waterfowl is also unlikely to be useful, since fecal coliform concentrations leading to closures of shellfish beds and
swimming areas are most frequent during warm months when waterfowl are rarest. Rates of loss of fecal caliform cells from
the water column by death and tidal exchange were high. Mortality of cells was about an order of magnitude larger than losses
by tidal exchange.
The amounts of fecal coliforms brought into the bay by waterfowl, surface runoff, groundwater, and streams are an order of
magnitude smaller than the losses by mortality and tidal removal. This implies that there is an additional source of fecal
coliforms within the bay. We suggest that resuspension of the upper layers of sediments can easily account for the fecal coliforms
present in the water.
Fecal coliform content of water and shellfish were not correlated. In contrast, sediment and shellfish fecal coliform abundances
were significantly related. Monitoring of fecal coliforms in sediments may provide a better assessment of shellfish than sampling
of water.
The large fecal coliform stock in sediments should be the first priority for management. Efforts ought to be directed toward
the reduction of sediment fecal coliform stocks. Lowering nutrient additions to coastal water bodies may be one practical
approach. 相似文献
83.
Coastal wetlands are a valuable resource to North Carolina, USA, representing important habitat for marine organisms and providing flood control areas and buffer zones from marine storms. An analysis of wetland development trends in coastal North Carolina from 1970 to 1984 was conducted using over 3000 files containing 15 years of permitting records. The total amount of coastal wetland area altered due to authorized development under the Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA), the Dredge and Fill Law, and Section 404 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act is 1740 ha. This represents nearly 2% of the salt marsh wetlands along the coast of North Carolina. The number of permits issued steadily increased during the 1980s; however, the total amount of wetland loss decreased each year. A few large projects in the early 1970s accounted for nearly 70% of all wetland area developed during the 15-year period. Nearly two-thirds of all projects involving wetland destruction involved impacts on high marsh ecosystems. Bulkheads, canals, and filling activities made up 80% of the projects requiring permits; 62% of the permits were issued to private landowners, but this group accounted for only 16% of the losses of wetland area. Utility companies, which accounted for less than 1% of the permits issued, were responsible for 46% of the permitted wetland loss during the 15-year study period. Future studies should address agriculture and forestry practices which are exempt under CAMA laws and therefore their effects on wetland alteration have not been quantified. 相似文献
84.
ABSTRACT: The relative abundance of small mammals in five forest land cover types on the upper Coastal Plain of north Mississippi was determined. Burrowing mammals accounted for one-half of the total captures; one shrew species that accounted for over one-fourth of the total captures had a strong affinity for well-stocked pine plantations. The opportunity for detention and retention of rainfall was enhanced by burrowing activity. Reductions of stormflow volumes 12 to 15 years after replacing poor quality, upland hardwoods with loblolly pine were only partially explained by increased interception of rainfall; much of the residual reductions are postulated to be due to small mammal burrows. Small mammal activity deserves further study as an important aspect of forest land hydrology. 相似文献
85.
Ensuring that new buildings do not interfere with the recreational and protective functions of the natural system and that the buildings will be useful long enough to protect the investment are among long-term solutions to coastal erosion. We propose that coastal cliff management districts be established for management of eroding high relief shorelines. Such districts would include an imminent failure zone, in which bluff retreat is possible at any time; a migration zone, which allows for long-term shoreline retreat; and a stability control zone in which activities affecting bluff erosion are restricted. Procedures are described for delineating these zones based on geomorphic criteria. If these land use controls are implemented, some shorefront development can be accommodated while retaining valuable characteristics of the natural system. 相似文献
86.
Under the United States Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, a class I designation safeguards wilderness areas from the negative
effects of new sources of air pollution. We monitored streamwater chemistry in the class I Lye Brook Wilderness in southwestern
Vermont from May 1994 through August 1995. Stream samples were collected biweekly at nine sampling locations throughout the
wilderness and were analyzed for major cations and anions, dissolved organic carbon, pH, and acid-neutralizing capacity. Eight
of nine sites sampled had mean annual acid neutralizing capacity values below zero. During the study period, decreases in
streamwater acid neutralizing capacity values were caused primarily by SO4
2−. At some sites, however, NO3
− and naturally occurring, weak organic acids were seasonally important. During high discharge, the low pH and high concentrations
of inorganic monomeric Al were at levels that are toxic to acid-sensitive aquatic species. Watershed mass balances were calculated
to determine annual gains or losses for measured ions. These budgets indicate that S inputs and outputs were nearly equal,
there was a net loss of base cations, and a net gain in N. How long these watersheds can continue to assimilate additional
N inputs is unknown. 相似文献
87.
赵玉华 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》1999,(2)
海岸带环境资源综合管理,是对海岸带资源可持续开发利用模式下的现代综合管理。本文在对区域海岸带环境资源综合管理的内涵及管理目标进行分析的基础上,以秦皇岛海岸带环境资源实施综合管理为例,提出了区域海岸带环境资源综合管理的评价过程及模式。 相似文献
88.
Sustainable Agriculture: New Paradigms and Old Practices? Increased Production with Management of Organic Inputs in Senegal 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Amadou Makhtar Diop 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》1999,1(3-4):285-296
Farmers in Sahelian countries are confronted with a variety of soil fertility and management problems. During the last two decades, NGOs have worked with farmers and research institutions to develop and test practices that will increase food production, while at the same time enhance the natural resource base.Since 1987, The Rodale Institute (RI) has worked closely with farmers' associations and government institutions to promote regenerative agriculture-farming systems that prioritize the use of local resources while improving them as they are used to grow food, using agro-ecological methods. The Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute has collaborated in this program as a partner of RI. The Senegal Regenerative Agriculture Resource Center model has been applied as a new and viable approach that builds on traditional knowledge and farmer-to-farmer exchange.Research results on soil conservation and improvement have shown that fields spread with amended animal manure or compost yield greater harvests than fields farmed with traditional methods. 相似文献
89.
Muniz P Danulat E Yannicelli B García-Alonso J Medina G Bícego MC 《Environment international》2004,29(8):1019-1028
As part of the first environmental assessment within Montevideo Harbour, in summer and winter of 1998, sediments samples were collected at eight locations to determine the spatial distribution of anthropogenic pollutants. Muddy sediments with high organic matter content dominate the study area. Heavy metal levels indicated that sediments were highly polluted with Zn (overall mean: 312+/-102 microg g(-1) dry sediment), Pb (85+/-31), Cu (89+/-25), Cr (162+/-62), and Hg (0.63+/-0.3) and moderately with Ni (30+/-2) and Ag (1.2+/-0.4). Depending on location and season, aliphatic hydrocarbons reached from 21 to 120 microg g(-1), while the unresolved complex mixture represented up to 76% of the total aliphatic fraction. Total PAH concentrations ranged from 1.56 to 90.44 microg g(-1); except at one location, petroleum derivatives were identified as main local source. The results pointed out that almost all the harbour area presented some substances that can cause adverse biological effects, especially in the inner region where all metals are above PEL levels. Principal components analysis confirmed that the inner harbour region is most severely affected by the pollutants and it was possible to differentiate three regions according to their environmental quality. 相似文献
90.
Chen-Tung?Arthur?ChenEmail author James?T.?Liu Ben-Jei?Tsuang 《Regional Environmental Change》2004,4(1):39-48
Rapid economic and industrial development in Taiwan over the past five decades has elevated the islands standing and earned it a place in the group known as the Four Small Dragons of Asia. Such growth, however, has been at the expense of the environment. There are currently nearly 23 million people juggling for space on the small island of 35,873 km2. Aggravating the matter further, the central mountain ranges and hills take up 73.6% of the land area with some 156 peaks surpassing 3,000 m. As a result, most people live in coastal plains which amount to only 9,490 km2. Pressure to move people inland has led to road construction and deforestation, both of which have contributed to an already high denudation rate of topsoil. As a consequence of this, thirteen rivers in Taiwan are now ranked among the top 20 worldwide in terms of sediment yield. Aside from this, the frequency of both floods and droughts increased prior to 1990, perhaps because of deforestation and global warming. Fortunately, the new conservation-orientated forest management policy of 1991 has alleviated the problem, somewhat, and the occurrence of floods and droughts has since decreased. The problem of water shortage, however, has worsened because of the warming trend in atmospheric temperature. Damming may ameliorate the water shortage problem but may affect the shoreline stability, as well as the ecology and water quality in the estuaries. Furthermore, these detrimental effects may go far beyond the estuaries, and even fisheries on the continental shelves may be affected. 相似文献