Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of environmental pollutants

Environmental pollution, a major problem worldwide, poses considerable threat to human health and ecological environment. Efficient and reliable detection technologies, which focus on the appearance of emerging environmental and trace pollutants, are urgently needed. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) has become an attractive analytical tool for sensing trace targets in environmental field because of its inherent molecular fingerprint specificity and high sensitivity. In this review, we focused on the recent developments in the integration of magnetic nanoparticles(MNPs) with SERS for facilitating sensitive detection of environmental pollutants. An overview and classification of different types of MNPs for SERS detection were initially provided, enabling us to categorize the huge amount of literature that was available in the interdisciplinary research field of MNPs based SERS technology. Then, the basic working principles and applications of MNPs in SERS detection were presented. Subsequently, the detection technologies integrating MNPs with SERS that eventually were used for the detection of various environmental pollutions were reviewed. Finally, the advantages of MNP-basedSERS detection technology for environmental pollutants were concluded, and the current challenges and future outlook of this technology in practical applications were highlighted. The application of the MNPsbasedSERS techniques for environmental analysis will be significantly advanced with the great progresses of the nanotechnologies, optics, and materials.     

基于表面增强拉曼光谱的水中芳香胺类污染物现场快速检测技术

利用表面增强拉曼光谱（SERS）对水中芳香胺类污染物进行检测分析.通过化学法合成具有SERS活性的银胶,紫外可见光谱、动态光散射及扫描电子显微镜表征显示制备的银胶分散性良好、粒径均匀;选用背景散射弱、价格便宜的薄层色谱板为承载基底,利用所制备的银胶并结合便携式拉曼光谱仪对芳香胺类污染水样进行现场快速检测,结果显示,适当...     

Characterisation and Nanomechanical Properties of Ink-Jet Media Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Commercial inkjet media is increasingly used in daily life; this use ranges from offices to digital photography. The impact that the development of this technology has had on the paper industry has been phenomenal. However, an increasing amount of paper is discarded and it is often after the introduction of complex chemical ink within its substrate. The understanding of the interactions between the layer of coated media and ink can be used to further understand and develop technology for the use of recycling office and photo papers. This paper presents the innovative concept in characterizing the surface of the inkjet media by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Comparisons are made between the data obtained from both atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the receptive layer and surface analysis software that was used to obtain surface characteristics. In this study the hardness and force of interaction has also been examined by the means of nanoindentation measurements using silicon nitride cantilever tips and forces of interaction between a selection of colloid probes and the receptive layer of the inkjet media. The effect of loading force on indentation was studied in terms of approach of impact and type of media tested.     

Measurement of flow speed in the channels of novel threadlike structures on the surfaces of mammalian organs

There have been several reports on novel threadlike structures (NTSs) on the surfaces of the internal organs of rats and rabbits since their first observation by Bonghan Kim in 1963. To confirm this novel circulatory function, it is necessary to observe the flow of liquid through the NTS as well as the structurally corroborating channels in the NTS. In this article, we report on the measurement of the flow speed of Alcian blue solution in the NTSs on the organ surfaces of rabbits, and we present electron microscopic images depicting the cribrous cross-section with channels. The speed was measured as 0.3 ± 0.1 mm/s, and the flow distance was up to 12 cm. The flow was unidirectional, and the phase contrast microscopic images showed that the NTSs were strongly stained with Alcian blue. The ultrastructure of the NTSs revealed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy and high-voltage electron microscopy showed that (1) there were cell-like bodies and globular clumps of matter inside the sinus of the channel with thin strands of segregated zones which is a microscopic evidence of the liquid flow, (2) the sinuses have wall structures surrounded with extracellular matrices of collagenous fibers, and (3) there exists a cribriform structure of sinuses. To understand the mechanism for the circulation, a quantitative analysis of the flow speed has been undertaken applying a simplified windkessel model. In this analysis, it was shown that the liquid flow through the NTSs could be due to peristaltic motion of the NTS itself. Baeckkyoung Sung and Min Su Kim contributed equally to this work.     

上海市PM2.5的物理化学特征及其生物活性研究

采集了上海市区和郊区春季和夏季的大气PM_2.5样品,分析了市区和郊区春夏2季PM_2.5质量浓度变化的规律,使用PIXE(Proton Induced X-ray Emission)分析技术获得S、K、Ca、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Br、Sr、Pb等15种元素的质量浓度.结果表明,上海PM_2.5中化学元素的质量浓度在春季　(5?038.6 ng·m^-3) 比在夏季 (3?810.6 ng·m^-3) 高,春季郊区(2?528.9 ng·m^-3) 和市区(2?509.7 ng·m^-3) PM_2.5中化学元素的质量浓度相当,夏季市区样品 (1?674.2 ng·m^-3) 中化学元素质量浓度的总量比郊区(2?136.3 ng·m^-3) 的低,但来自人为污染的化学元素 (Cr、Mn、Ti、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Sr、Pb) 在市区PM_2.5中的含量较高;场发射扫描电镜 (FESEM) 分析显示,上海PM_2.5主要由烟尘集合体、燃煤飞灰、矿物颗粒、生物质颗粒和不明物质组成,质粒DNA评价揭示上海市区PM_2.5比郊区的具有更强的生物活性,主要原因可能在于市区样品中含有较高的重金属元素和较多的烟尘集合体．     

Size fractionation and characterization of nanocolloidal particles in soils

A protocol was developed to fractionate soil particles down to the nanocolloid scale by combining sieving, sedimentation, centrifugation, and cross-flow filtration (CFF). The validity of the method and the performance of the CFF system were tested by characterizing fractions using laser granulometry, electron microscopy, and chemical analysis. The 0.1-μm-pore-size membrane CFF system effectively retained nanocolloids (<0.1 μm) as shown by laser granulometry and observed directly by transmission electron microscopy. However, environmental scanning electron microscopy images of freeze-dried colloids were very different from their TEM counterparts, suggesting that sample preparation influenced microscopy imaging. Chemical analysis of Cu, Cd, and organic carbon in each fraction showed that the concentrations of these components increased as particle size decreased, indicating colloids and nanocolloids play an important role in retaining trace metals. Particle-size fractionation combined with chemical analysis and electron microscopy can provide insight into the nature and properties of nanocolloids in soil.     

溶解无机碳的拉曼光谱定量分析可行性研究

海水溶解无机碳(DIC)的平均浓度约为2.05mmol/L,其中HCO3-占93%, CO32-为6%,CO2和H2CO3共1%.HCO3-的拉曼散射活性太弱,而其他成分的浓度又过低,使得海水中DIC组分不能产生明显的拉曼散射强度,目前还未见有关溶解无机碳拉曼光谱定量分析的报道.为突破这一局限,本研究探索了一种碱化辅助的拉曼定量分析方法,以海水DIC中拉曼活性最低、占比例最大的HCO3-为研究对象进行了可行性实验研究.通过碱化处理(100mL样品中添加NaOH试剂15mg)将HCO3-转化为拉曼活性更强的CO32-,有效提高了拉曼光谱系统对HCO3-的检出限(<3mmol/L).定量分析使用内标定法,选取水在~1635cm-1附近的O—H弯曲振动谱带作为标定物.实验结果显示,该方法对与海水中浓度相当的低浓度HCO3-溶液的定量分析具有良好的精度(相对误差<6.5%).     

北极夏季大气气溶胶单颗粒研究

为研究北极地区大气气溶胶颗粒的物理化学特性,于2013年8月8~12日环Svalbard岛收集大气气溶胶样品,利用带能谱的透射电子显微镜(TEM-EDS)共分析2530个单颗粒,并获得颗粒物的形貌特征和化学组成.结果表明,北极地区颗粒物主要表现为5种类型,分别为海盐颗粒、富S颗粒、富Fe颗粒、含碳颗粒和矿物颗粒.后向气流轨迹显示,采样期间大气污染物主要来自于北极点周边的海洋上空和附近格陵兰岛地区.来自海洋上空的大气中主要包含海盐颗粒,所占数量比例为54.7%;经过陆地的大气样品中95.4%为矿物颗粒.利用时间密度因子法估算出北极地区PM2.5质量浓度范围为0.55~0.72mg/m3.     

基于生物光谱技术的污染物毒性效应研究进展

生物光谱技术能够有效反映生物、组织以及细胞等样本中生物化学的综合信息,能够精确检测和评价生物分子成分或构象的微观变化,具有快速、客观、无损、重现性好等优点。本文系统综述了生物光谱技术在环境污染物毒性效应研究方面的进展,其中常用的2种技术是红外光谱和拉曼光谱技术。红外光谱技术目前已被广泛用于单一污染物(重金属、有机污染物、纳米材料等)以及复合污染对细胞、植物、动物以及微生物的蛋白质、氨基酸、脂质、DNA/RNA、多糖以及碳水化合物等方面的影响研究之中;拉曼光谱技术包括常规拉曼技术和表面增强拉曼光谱技术,二者均可以用于污染物的毒性效应研究之中,表面增强拉曼光谱技术具有信噪比高、检测限低、灵敏度高等特点,并提供丰富的细胞生物化学指纹图谱信息。数据处理是生物光谱技术应用的重要一环,光谱数据分析大致分为光谱数据预处理、提取光谱信息特征、以及信息分类和光谱特征峰解析3个部分。本研究结果将为进一步系统地开展生物光谱技术在污染物毒性效应方面的研究提供支持。     

Au nanoring arrays as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrate for chemical component study of individual atmospheric aerosol particle

Monolayer-ordered gold nanoring arrays were prepared by ion-sputtering method and used as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates to test the individual atmospheric aerosols particle. Compared to other methods used for testing atmospheric aerosols particles, the collection and subsequent detection in our work is performed directly on the gold nanoring SERS substrate without any treatment of the analyte. The SERS performance can be tuned by changing the depth of the gold nanoring cavity as originating from coupling of dipolar modes at the inner and outer surfaces of the nanorings. The electric field exhibits uniform enhancement and polarization in the ordered Au nanoring substrate, which can improve the accuracy for detecting atmospheric aerosol particles. Combined with Raman mapping, the information about chemical composition of individual atmospheric aerosols particle and distribution of specific components can be presented visually. The results show the potential of SERS in enabling improved analysis of aerosol particle chemical composition, mixing state, and other related physicochemical properties.