化学氧化法和化学混凝法用于染料废水的脱色研究

研究了化学氧化法和化学混凝法处理染料废水的脱色效果,考查了氧化剂及混凝剂种类、投加量和pH值对脱色效果的影响。结果发现,光激发产生的复合氧化气体较纯ClO₂具有更好的脱色效果,且二者对活性染料废水的脱色效果优于对分散染料废水的脱色效果,都是在pH<10的条件下取得良好的脱色效果;化学混凝法对分散染料废水的脱色效果优于对活性染料废水的脱色效果,MgCl₂。6H₂O的脱色效果最好,PAC次之,Al₂(SO₄)₃。18H₂O最差;pH值对MgCl₂。6H₂O的脱色效果影响较大,在pH≥12的条件下,MgCl₂。6H₂O的脱色效果达最佳。      

上海市小学生交通行为观测与特征分析

为了有针对性地开展小学生交通安全教育,采用行为观测方法研究了上海市小学生的交通行为特征。采用视频观测小学生过街,对行为特征进行编码,利用数理统计分析方法研究行为特征规律。研究发现整体上小学生安全过街行为表现很差,在路边正确位置等待和正确左右观看两方面表现尤为欠缺。研究特别对小学生过街行人组合(一人、结伴、家长陪同)、路口过街方式(一次过街2、次过街)和性别对其交通行为的影响进行了分析,发现过街行人组合显著影响等待位置、是否闯红灯、是否正确左右观看,路口过街方式显著影响等待位置、是否闯红灯、是否正确左右观看、有无不良交通行为,小学生的性别对过街时的交通行为无显著影响。因此对小学生进行交通安全教育是十分必要的,需要针对小学生交通行为特征开展有针对性的安全教育。     

多源异构地震灾情分类与编码研究

震后地震灾情的快速获取是地震应急救援的关键,将多源异构灾情信息进行合理的分类与编码,对增强灾情信息的处理能力具有重要的意义。分析了不同地震灾情获取方法的现状与特点,介绍了几种新兴的灾情获取方法。分析了地震灾情的分类原则与方法,研究了多源异构地震灾情信息的分类体系。阐述了灾情信息的编码方法,提出了多源异构地震灾情的编码结构与编码存储。     

Characterizing the trophy hunting debate on Twitter

Social media is an arena of debate for contentious political and social topics. One conservation topic debated online is the acceptability of trophy hunting, a debate that has implications for national and international policy. We used a mixed-methods approach (grounded theory and quantitative clustering) to identify themes in the trophy hunting debate on Twitter. We examined commonly co-occurring categories that describe people's stances on trophy hunting. We identified 12 categories and 4 preliminary archetypes opposing trophy hunting—activism, scientific, condemning, and objecting—whose opposition derived from different moral reasoning. Few tweets (22) in our sample of 500 supported trophy hunting, whereas 350 opposed it. The debate was hostile; 7% of tweets in our sample were categorized as abusive. Online debates can be unproductive, and our findings may be important for stakeholders wishing to effectively engage in the trophy hunting debate on Twitter. More generally, we contend that because social media is increasingly influential, it is important to formally contextualize public responses to contentious conservation topics in order to aid communication of conservation evidence and to integrate diverse public perspectives in conservation practice.     

全国水环境功能区编码研究

编码是将大量零散图表数据方便整合和有效管理的关键和基础.在对各省、自治区、直辖市区划图表数据系统整合过程中,分析了欧美等国外现有河流编码及国内相关部门,如水利、测绘等河流编码的优劣.鉴于原水功能区编码的不适宜性并参考国际河流编码的经验,提出了一套比较适合整合水环境功能区划GIS数据的全新14位数字字母混合编码.该编码由6位数字型行政区划代码(GB2260-1995)、国家1∶250 000地形数据库采用的6位数字字母混合河流名称代码及2位数字顺序码的三段码组合而成,可用其唯一识别每一功能区并链接区划图表数据.但由于该编码拘于1∶250 000电子地图河流图层数据的线型(polyline)和多边型(polygon)数据结构,而非路径网络(network)结构,决定了这种基于河流名称代码的水环境功能区编码还不能反映出功能区的长度(或长度比例)等基本属性,未来研究可借鉴美国先进经验,以使之更趋完善.      

Biodegradable Films Based on Blends of Gelatin and Poly (Vinyl Alcohol): Effect of PVA Type or Concentration on Some Physical Properties of Films

The aim of this work was to develop biodegradable films based on blends of gelatin and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), without a plasticizer. Firstly, the effect of five types of PVA with different degree of hydrolysis (DH) on the physical properties of films elaborated with blends containing 23.1% PVA was studied. One PVA type was then chosen for the study of the effect of the PVA concentration on the mechanical properties, color, opacity, gloss, and water solubility of the films. The five types of PVA studied allowed for films with different characteristics, but with no direct relationship with the DH of the PVA. Therefore, the PVA Celvol^®418 with a DH = 91.8% was chosen for the second part, because they produced films with greater tensile strength. The PVA concentration affected all studied properties of films. These results could be explained by the results of the DSC and FTIR analyses, which showed that some interactions between the gelatin and the PVA occurred depending on the PVA concentration, affecting the crystallinity of the films.     

土地网格化管理关键技术探讨

基于土地网格化管理的思想,提出了对土地实施网格化管理过程中的网格划分方案和编码方案,并通过对上海市嘉定区土地网格化管理实例总结出具体土地网格划分方法,对比了城市网格与土地利用网格划分的异同,同时构建了网格化土地管理信息平台总体框架,认为3S技术、构件技术、中间件技术和地理编码技术是土地网格化管理信息系统构建的关键技术,为进一步完善网格化土地管理新模式以及土地网格化精细管理提供实施方案、数据保障和政策支持。     

河流水系编码规则的研究与应用

以黄河流域为主要研究区,利用ArcGIS、SQL Server等专业软件,针对1∶250000基础地理信息数据开展环境系统河流水系编码研究。通过对编码定义、规则及编码流程的具体阐述,提出了一种科学可行的河流水系编码方法。验证结果表明,该方法具有良好的应用性和推广价值,对于加强环境管理信息化以及更加科学高效地完成流域水环境监控与预警工作同样具有十分积极的意义。     

Trapping and decomposing of color compounds from recycled water by TiO2 coated activated carbon

Five types of commercially available activated carbons (ACs) were coated with TiO₂ nanoparticles prepared using a sol–gel method. Color and trace organics remaining in the actual treated effluent were adsorbed by TiO₂ coated ACs. The absorbed organic compounds were then decomposed using a photocatalytic process, and the ACs were regenerated for reuse. The efficiency of the process was assessed by the characterization of true color and A₂₅₄ (the organics absorption at the wavelength of 254 nm) at the beginning and the end of the experiment. The effects of UV light source, UV irradiation time, hydrogen peroxide and ultrasound on the efficiency of photocatalytic regeneration were also investigated. Significant differences in the efficiency were observed between uncoated ACs and TiO₂ coated samples. Among the 5 types of ACs tested, AC-3, AC-4 and their coated ones achieved better efficiency in color and A₂₅₄ removal, with around 90% or more color and A₂₅₄ being removed within 1 h of treatment. The data obtained in this study also demonstrated that the photocatalytic process was effective for decomposing the adsorbed compounds and regenerating the spent TiO₂/AC-3. Finally, it was found that this regeneration process could be greatly enhanced with the assistance of H₂O₂ and ultrasound by reducing the required regeneration time.     

Anal gland secretion codes for family membership in the beaver

We investigated how information about family membership is coded by the individually specific anal gland secretion (AGS) in the beaver, Castor canadensis. Because beavers live in strict family units and relatives share more features in the AGS profile than non-relatives, family members share more AGS features than non-family members. Therefore, family recognition seems to be a natural consequence of the more specific kin recognition. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed two possibilities in coding for family membership using the multi-component AGS: either two (female) to three (male) AGS compounds or many compounds were used, but we were not able to determine which possibility is more likely. Compounds were not equally important in coding family membership information, and the interactions among compounds were complex. We attempted to reconstruct a lineage tree for the relationship among different families using two–three or many compounds. We found there was no significant difference for trees constructed by using few or many compounds in either males or females. However, the trees derived from male compounds and female compounds lacked good congruence. Received: 10 December 1998 / Accepted after revision: 13 July 1998