苯蒸气在有机膨润土上的吸附动力学

本文研究了苯蒸气在溴化十六烷基三甲基胺（CTMAB）系列单阳离子有机膨润土上的吸附动力学过程。结果表明,苯蒸气在有机膨润土上的吸附符合一级动力学方程,即：r＝KvCo;在12h内,吸附反应均可达到平衡,吸附速率常数（Kv）与温度（T）成正相关,吸附反应的活化能在9．50－17．92kJ.mol^-1之间。     

Can aquatic distribution of human pharmaceuticals be related to pharmacological data?

The recognition of pharmaceuticals as significant environmental contaminants has only been a recent phenomenon. Therefore there is a paucity of data relating to the fate and effects of pharmaceuticals once they enter an aquatic receiving system. The amount of work that needs to be done in terms of risk assessment for pharmaceuticals required by regulatory agencies is substantial. This paper has determined the environmental partitioning coefficient (K_d) of 13 diverse human pharmaceuticals in three model systems of differing combinations of solid phases and solutions. The K_d values were then compared with distribution values of the pharmaceuticals in the human body determined from pharmacological studies. This was done to assess the functional relationship between K_d and distribution values in the human body (V_D). K_d values ranged from 3 to 2450 L kg⁻¹. Regression coefficients ranged from r² = 0.62–0.72, indicating that V_D values are a useful indicator for the K_d values of the tested pharmaceuticals within the batch sorption systems. The relationship between K_d and V_D should therefore be further explored to determine whether this relationship can be applied to a broader range of pharmaceuticals in more diverse environmental systems. Exploiting available human pharmacological data in such a way would be of great benefit in prioritising human pharmaceuticals as environmental contaminants in the risk assessment process.     

固定化改性蒙脱土对苯酚吸附性能的研究

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对天然蒙脱土进行改性,并用聚乙烯醇对改性蒙脱土进行固定化处理,然后进行柱状吸附和振荡条件的吸附试验。研究结果表明,HDTMA改性蒙脱土固定化后能有效吸附苯酚,不同环境条件对苯酚的柱状吸附能力产生不同的影响。在pH4~8的范围内,固定化改性蒙脱土对苯酚的吸附效果无显著性差异,pH在10以上,其吸附能力明显下降;温度对吸附效果影响不大;进水苯酚浓度越高,改性蒙脱土对苯酚的吸附量越大,但出水苯酚浓度也高;苯酚的流速越小,吸附容量越高,吸附效果越好。     

多氯联苯污染沉积物质量评价研究进展

介绍了多氯联苯污染沉积物质量评价的研究进展 ,其中 ,简单介绍了多氯联苯的有关概况及环境行为、沉积物质量评价方法及基准研究进展 ;最后 ,重点介绍了包括多氯联苯在内的憎水性有机物污染沉积物质量评价的研究现状及存在问题。     

不同温度下西安汉城湖沉积物吸附、释放特性和磷形态

以西安汉城湖为研究对象,2015年4月对湖体沉积物进行现场调查和采样分析,共设4个采样点,研究不同温度下沉积物磷的吸附释放特性及沉积物磷形态的分布。结果表明,沉积物磷等温吸附随着温度的升高而增大,吸附特征符合修正的Langmuir模型,最大吸附容量Qmax的范围为507.21~786.77 mg·kg-1。磷动力学吸附主要发生在实验进行前12 h之内,吸附量基本达到或超过72 h吸附平衡时吸附总量的85%。磷动力学释放量范围为2.02~11.058 mg·kg-1,且在6 h达到最大值。沉积物总磷的含量范围为655.37~1.809.38 mg·kg-1,以无机磷为主,沉积物不同形态磷含量为TP > IP > HCl-P > OP > NaOH-P。沉积物富营养化风险指数ERI的范围为5.92~11.86,在10℃和20℃时,4个采样点的ERI均在10以下,属于低风险,在30℃时,4个采样点的ERI均在10以上,属于中等富营养化风险。     

生物碳和土壤性质对乙草胺吸附行为的影响

生物碳施加到土壤中可能会影响污染物的环境归趋,而吸附作用是其关键控制因素,为此,本研究考察了400、500和600℃下制备的玉米秸秆生物碳(分别记作CS400、CS500和CS600)和土壤性质对乙草胺吸附行为的影响。结果表明,生物碳和土壤对乙草胺的吸附等温线符合Freundlich模型(R2≥0.99)。随着生物碳热解温度的升高(从CS400到CS600),生物碳吸附乙草胺的非线性指数n值减小且logKOC值增大,说明吸附非线性程度和吸附能力增强,这是因为生物碳炭化程度增强(H/C原子比减小),疏水性增强(O/C原子比减小)和比表面积增大而有利于对乙草胺的吸附,吸附机制以表面吸附为主(比如疏水作用、π-π EDA作用和孔填充作用)。然而,土壤吸附乙草胺的n值(0.95)接近1.0,说明该吸附作用几乎是线性吸附,以分配作用机制为主。3种生物碳对乙草胺的吸附能力都高于土壤,特别是CS600对乙草胺的吸附能力(logKOC)比土壤及文献报道的土壤和沉积物高一个数量及以上,说明生物碳可能会有效保留土壤中的乙草胺而降低其迁移性。     

汞(Ⅱ)和砷(Ⅲ)在草炭土胡敏酸上的吸附

为研究汞和砷在胡敏酸上的吸附特性,从辽宁彰武采集了草炭土并用稀碱法提取胡敏酸。研究胡敏酸对Hg（Ⅱ）和As（Ⅲ）吸附作用,探讨温度（15、25、35、45℃）、pH（3,5,7,9）和离子强度（Ca2+,H2PO4-）对该吸附的影响,并计算吸附活化能。结果表明：温度与胡敏酸对Hg（Ⅱ）的吸附呈显著正相关,而对胡敏酸吸附As（Ⅲ）的影响较小;pH对胡敏酸吸附Hg（Ⅱ）也呈正相关,而胡敏酸对As（Ⅲ）的吸附以中性最好,酸性、碱性下吸附量均降低;Ca2+对Hg（Ⅱ）的吸附有明显的抑制作用,H2PO4-对As（Ⅲ）的吸附影响很小。对等温吸附实验结果拟合证明,胡敏酸对Hg（Ⅱ）和As（Ⅲ）等温吸附更符合Freundlich模型。对动力学吸附实验结果拟合证明,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述胡敏酸对Hg（Ⅱ）和As（Ⅲ）的吸附。Hg和As（Ⅲ）在胡敏酸的吸附活化能分别为23.06 kJ·mol-1和2.65 kJ·mol-1,表明Hg（Ⅱ）在胡敏酸上的吸附以化学吸附为主,As（Ⅲ）在胡敏酸上的吸附以物理吸附为主。     

东京根霉对重金属Cr^3＋、Mn^2＋和Zn^2＋的吸附研究

利用固定化发酵中产生的废菌体——东京根霉（Rhizopustonkinesis）去除废水中Cr^3＋、Mn^2＋和Zn^2＋,研究了预处理、pH、温度、金属离子初始浓度、吸附时间等条件对吸附量的影响。结果表明，用NaOH浸泡4—6h、在pH=5—6，温度25-35℃时吸附效果最好，用Langmuir、Freundlich和Temkin方程对其吸附等温线进行拟合，相关性都比较好；用不同的吸附动力学方程描述东京根霉吸附金属离子的最优和最次模型分别为Elovich方程和一级扩散方程，双常数方程和抛物线扩散方程拟合介于前二者之间。     

Vertical infiltration of fuel oil hydrocarbons in an agricultural soil

The influence of rainfall, air temperature and soil moisture on the vertical mobility in the soil of fuel oil hydrocarbons (HC) was investigated in a field experiment. A controlled spreading of fuel oil (nC10‐nC25) was performed at a rate of 5 L HCm^‐2 on an agricultural soil in summer and in winter. Concentration, chemical composition of HC and soil moisture were regularly determined at different soil depths between 0 and 140 cm, 1 h, 3, 8and 15 days (d) after the spreading of oil. Sorption of hydrocarbons onto the organo‐mineral matrix of the soil was studied in laboratory experiments. The results showed that in summer, with an air temperature of 24°C and without water leaching in the soil profile, 65% of the initial HC remained trapped in the 0–140 cm soil layer, about 20% of the HC volatilized and around 15% migrated deeper. A vertical selective migration of the lightest (nC10‐nC15) HC (naphthas) was shown lSd after the spreading of fuel oil. Naphthas progressively reached the 120–140 cm soil layers whereas the heavy fractions of oil (nC17‐nC25) migrated and concentrated in the 0–60 cm soil layers. In winter, when soil was regularly watered by rainfalls and at low air temperatures, only 47% of the initial HC remained in the 0–140 cm profile after 15 d. A fast vertical infiltration of naphthas occurred within the first 3 d. After 15 d, all HC were detected in the same relative amounts as in the initial oil in the whole profile. Volatilization was negligible in winter and an increase in the migration of total oil at depth in the soil profile was shown. As inferred from the laboratory experiments, the high soil moisture led to the decrease in HC sorption on the organo‐mineral matter of the soil.