驯化污泥投加量对剩余污泥产酸释磷的影响

以南京金陵啤酒厂水处理中心剩余污泥为原料,进行水解酸化回收碳源的研究。伴随挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的产生,污泥上清液中会出现大量的磷,最高质量浓度为72.59 mg/L,影响污泥液作为碳源回用。进一步研究驯化污泥投加比在污泥发酵过程中对VFAs和总磷的影响,得到结论:投加比为40%时,污泥产酸性能最好,VFAs质量浓度最高可以达到947 mg/L,产酸过程中总磷质量浓度增加,最高达到49.7 mg/L。     

Ionic contribution to the self-potential signals associated with a redox front

In contaminant plumes or in the case of ore bodies, a source current density is produced at depth in response to the presence of a gradient of the redox potential. Two charge carriers can exist in such a medium: electrons and ions. Two contributions to the source current density are associated with these charge carriers (i) the gradient of the chemical potential of the ionic species and (ii) the gradient of the chemical potential of the electrons (i.e., the gradient of the redox potential). We ran a set of experiments in which a geobattery is generated using electrolysis reactions of a pore water solution containing iron. A DC power supply is used to impose a difference of electrical potential of 3 V between a working platinum electrode (anode) and an auxiliary platinum electrode (cathode). Both electrodes inserted into a tank filled with a well-calibrated sand infiltrated by a (0.01 mol L^− 1 KCl + 0.0035 mol L^− 1 FeSO₄) solution. After the direct current is turned off, we follow the pH, the redox potential, and the self-potential at several time intervals. The self-potential anomalies amount to a few tens of millivolts after the current is turned off and decreases over time. After several days, all the redox-active compounds produced initially by the electrolysis reactions are consumed through chemical reactions and the self-potential anomalies fall to zero. The resulting self-potential anomalies are shown to be much weaker than the self-potential anomalies observed in the presence of an electronic conductor in the laboratory or in the field. In the presence of a biotic or an abiotic electronic conductor, the self-potential anomalies can amount to a few hundred millivolts. These observations point out indirectly the potential role of bacteria forming biofilms in the transfer of electrons through sharp redox potential gradient in contaminant plumes that are rich in organic matter.     

Modelling multiple dispersion of radionuclides through the environment

The migration of a contaminant through the environment is the result of the transport by a variety of biotic and abiotic carriers which move according to different dispersion mechanisms. Consequently, the patterns of the distribution of a pollutant in the environment cannot be ever explained on the basis of a single migration process or assuming that the concentrations of contaminant in the different kinds of carriers quickly reach the equilibrium condition. The present work discusses two examples (wash-off from catchments and transport through soils of radionuclides) that clearly demonstrate the inadequacy of “single dispersion” models to predict these patterns. On the contrary, models based on multiple dispersion can successfully simulate the particular features of the above mentioned processes. It was demonstrated that the time behaviour of radionuclide migration rates from catchment of different rivers vary within small ranges as a consequence of multiple dispersion. This result can be useful for the development of generic predictive models.     

反硝化细菌强化潜流湿地的污水处理厂尾水脱氮试验

为了揭示反硝化菌强化潜流湿地的污水处理厂尾水脱氮效果及机理,以砾石、红砖碎块、钢渣、陶粒、土壤为湿地填料,茭白、梭鱼草、黑麦草、红叶石楠为湿地植物,构建了两套湿地系统,其中一套投加菌剂,另一套作为对照组,使用双总体t检验方法分析了投加反硝化细菌B8(Pseudomonas putida)菌液于水平潜流湿地系统的操作与生物强化湿地脱氮程度之间的相互关系。结果表明,将反硝化菌(B8)菌液连续14 d投加于水平潜流湿地后,在强化潜流湿地运行的58 d内,其NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和TN平均去除率分别为65.3%、94.2%和71.5%;而未投菌的潜流湿地的NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和TN平均去除率分别为28.2%、74.7%和43.1%,加入菌剂使潜流湿地氮素去除能力大幅提高。双总体t检验方法分析表明,在停止投菌运行的41 d内,接种B8细菌的湿地系统的总氮去除率显著高于未投菌的湿地系统(p0.05);但在停止投菌运行的58 d内,投菌湿地和未投菌湿地脱氮效果的差异不显著(p0.05),因此确定B8强化水平潜流湿地系统的投菌周期为58 d。     

工业废水污染物排放总量削减措施

就目前工业废水排放现状 ,从加强在线监测系统监控作用、有效地控制非正常状态下排污以及深化污染源废水管理工作等几个方面提出了工业废水污染物排放总量削减措施     

Nonideal transport of reactive contaminants in heterogeneous porous media: 7. distributed-domain model incorporating immiscible-liquid dissolution and rate-limited sorption/desorption

The purpose of this work is to present a distributed-domain mathematical model incorporating the primary mass-transfer processes that mediate the transport of immiscible organic liquid constituents in water-saturated, locally heterogeneous porous media. Specifically, the impact of grain/pore-scale heterogeneity on immiscible-liquid dissolution and sorption/desorption is represented in the model by describing the system as comprising a continuous distribution of mass-transfer domains. With this conceptualization, the distributions of the initial dissolution rate coefficient and the sorption/desorption rate coefficient are represented as probability density functions. Several sets of numerical experiments are conducted to examine the effects of heterogeneous dissolution and sorption/desorption on contaminant transport and elution. Four scenarios with different combinations of uniform/heterogeneous rate-limited dissolution and uniform/heterogeneous rate-limited sorption/desorption are evaluated. The results show that both heterogeneous rate-limited sorption/desorption and heterogeneous rate-limited dissolution can significantly increase the time or pore volumes required to elute immiscible-liquid constituents from a contaminated porous medium. However, sorption/desorption has minimal influence on elution behavior until essentially all of the immiscible liquid has been removed. For typical immiscible-liquid constituents that have relatively low sorption, the asymptotic elution tailing produced by heterogeneous rate-limited sorption/desorption begins at effluent concentrations that are several orders of magnitude below the initial steady-state concentrations associated with dissolution of the immiscible liquid. Conversely, the enhanced elution tailing associated with heterogeneous rate-limited dissolution begins at concentrations that are approximately one-tenth of the initial steady-state concentrations. Hence, dissolution may generally control elution behavior of immiscible-liquid constituents in cases wherein grain/pore-scale heterogeneity significantly influences both dissolution and sorption/desorption.     

Multiphase flow and transport through fractured heterogeneous porous media

The migration of Dense, Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) and dissolved phase contamination through a fractured heterogeneous porous medium has been investigated through the use of a multiphase compositional model. The sensitivity of the timescales of migration and the distribution of contaminant in the subsurface to the mean permeability, the variance of the permeability, and the degree of fracturing of the domain were examined. It was found that increasing the mean permeability of the domain allowed the DNAPL to penetrate deeper into the subsurface, while decreasing the mean permeability caused the DNAPL to pool at shallower depths. The presence of fractures within the system was found to control the infiltration only in the most fractured domain. Moment analysis of the nonwetting phase showed that large-scale movement had ceased after approximately 9 years (maximum duration of the source-on condition was approximately 4.5 years). This tended to be due to a redistribution of the DNAPL towards a residual configuration, as was evidenced by the gradual trending of average nonwetting phase saturations within the domain to a static value. The dissolved phase plume was found to migrate at essentially the same rate as the nonwetting phase, due to the reduced relative permeability of lenses containing DNAPL, and due to diffusive losses of mass to the matrix of fractured clay and silty-clay lenses. Some exceptions to this were found when the DNAPL could not overcome the displacement pressure of a lens, and could not by-pass the lens due to the lack of available driving force after the source had been shut off.     

河岸材料对河流有机污染物降解能力的影响

研究了干砌石、浆砌石、蜂巢格宾和生态砖等河岸材料对河流有机污染物降解能力的影响.4种材料中,以生态砖为河岸的河流中总有机碳(TOC)沿程降解率分别是蜂巢格宾和浆砌石的6.14和3.15倍(p<0.05);生态砖、干砌石和蜂巢格宾河段中溶解性有机碳(DOC)沿程降解率分别是浆砌石的10.68、6.60和6.08倍(p<0...     

转基因植物修复有机污染物的进展

生物修复技术主要利用某些植物特有的分解有毒有害物质的能力,去除环境中的污染物,从而达到净化环境的目的。利用转基因技术把微生物或真核生物中能有效降解有机污染物的基因导入植物中去,将会进一步提高生物修复的实际应用价值。本文主要综述了近年来转基因植物用于修复有机污染物的进展情况。     

A methodological approach to develop “contaminant migration–population effects” models

The main aim of the present work is to discuss the methodological approaches that underpin the “contaminant migration–population effects” models for the evaluation of the detriment to populations of moving organisms in environmental systems with spatial and time dependent pollution levels. A technique to couple the equations controlling the population dynamics and the pollutant dispersion is described and discussed. The domain of application and the limitations of the methodology are analysed and illustrated by some examples. Possible alternative approaches are briefly presented.