中国农村发展的可持续走向

从三种生产的视角看，农村发展的可持续方向是指农村发展趋向于三种生产的和谐运行与环境社会系统的稳定演进。获得“经济-社会-环境”整体高效益。资源环境问题是与一定的发展模式相伴而生的，针对中国农村地区的资源环境问题，通过深入剖析城乡整体、城乡之间以及农村内部三种生产的状况，提出改善中国农村发展状况的对策。     

基于C-OWA算子和证据理论的船舶夜航光环境安全评价

为了更好地保障船舶夜航安全,基于船舶夜航光环境的特殊性和船舶夜航的风险性,构建船舶夜航光环境证据理论评价模型。首先,建立以信号灯误导、眩光干扰、频闪污染、光导致疲劳等4个决策层为基础的船舶夜航光环境评价指标体系;其次,运用C-OWA算子处理专家对指标的决策数据,判断光环境对船舶夜航安全的影响程度;最后,将证据理论模型应用于大连大窑湾港的夜航光环境中。结果表明:该光环境安全性高,对船舶夜航安全的影响小。构建的模型为港口、航道以及其他船舶夜航光环境水域安全评价提供了一定的参考依据。     

国土资源规制:基本理论与中国实践

规制是政府或其特定部门,对企业及家庭、组织等行为,依据特定规定进行特定的约束.该文基于国土资源基础及其稀缺性和公共物品属性,以及企业活动的资源环境外部性等理论,提出国土资源规制的概念,认为国土资源规制既是对与国土资源相关的行为的规制,也是以国土资源为手段对企业及地方政府的规制.国土资源规制的基本内容包括:明晰国土资源基础状况、编制区域国土功能区划和国土规划、确定关键性国土资源的开发利用标准;优化国土资源规制路径,强化经济、法律、技术手段在国土资源规制中的运用;评定国土资源规制效果等.中国国土资源规制主要体现在土地参与宏观调控、用水配额管理和制定能源效率标准等方面.依据中国国土资源规制实践,选择出8个包含土地、水、能源、矿产和森林等在内的国土资源规制指标,以期建构我国国土资源规制的基本指标体系.同时,建议加强对重点行业和重点地区的国土资源规制,调整并完善现行统计指标体系和干部考核体系,以适应国土资源规制的需要.     

生态工业园区水资源梯级利用的博弈分析

水资源是生态工业园区中最重要的资源之一,模拟自然生态系统,园区中的水资源用户也可根据功能的不同分为生产者、消费者和分解者.由于供给量的限制和国家的排污政策逐渐趋紧,生态工业园区中水资源数量和质量的分配存在利益冲突的问题,矛盾日渐凸现.本文试图运用博弈论的方法,构建一个水资源管理的梯级利用模式,探讨生态工业园区内水质要求不同的企业间如何实现水资源的合理分配,使之既符合企业的需要,又符合整个园区的供给限制,同时对环境的损害最小.之后从微观经济学的角度对各利益主体参与水资源梯级利用的动因和积极性进行了经济学上的分析,得出生态工业园区中水资源梯级利用体系能否达成“物尽其用、废物最小化”的目标,取决于不同利益者的博弈结果.水资源价格和排污收费价格的提高,可以减少新鲜水资源的购买量和最终的排污量,有利于促进园区内企业间的水资源梯级利用;而梯级利用的过程,也是各级消费者之间的一场博弈,博弈结果将决定再生水资源的售出价格.     

基于Stackelberg博弈的循环经济闭环产业链研究

为揭示循环经济产业链的内在发展机制,本文基于循环经济产业链的特征建立了闭环产业链模型,利用企业间的Stackelberg博弈分析了消费者、企业和政府间的利益关联以及三大主体最优决策对闭环产业链的影响方式.研究结论表明,消费者的环境偏好越低,政府的环境税标准越低,且环境税的制定空间越小,企业收益越难实现从传统产业链到循环产业链的转移,消费者以新产品的消费弥补环境效用的损失;在政府的全局最优税收情况下,传统产业链的企业在横向企业竞争中仍具有先动优势,并不随环境税增加而改变;政府经济最优废弃物循环率能够保证循环产业链的回收资源供给,但只是在消费者容忍的范围内实现了消费者效用最大化和生产总收益最大化.经济的可持续发展要求废弃物循环率达到生态最优,这需要政府舍弃部分经济利益,实施更严厉的环境税政策约束传统产业链的发展规模,同时结合参与性政策提高公众的环境偏好,以保证循环经济闭环产业链的顺利运行.     

基于PT-IE的区域性企业整体应急准备能力评估分析

针对传统评估方法在评价区域性企业整体应急能力的过程中未考虑评价者心理偏好与风险因素之间的关系,提出了1种基于前景理论(PT)与信息熵(IE)的评价模型,并设计了企业生产安全事故应急准备能力评价体系。首先以区属整体企业为单位构建心理损益矩阵,然后运用信息熵理论修正指标权重结构,最后依据前景理论计算得出各区、各指标的综合前景值并以此分析排序。实例表明:影响各区企业整体应急水平的共性问题在于应急组织体系不完善和应急救援力量不足,该模型对政府监管部门有针对性的分析和加强地区企业整体应急建设水平具有一定的指导意义。     

磁场水处理技术中微观电磁感应行为分析

运用电磁学基础知识,引用分子电流模型,通过数学推导,分析得出水系统中微观粒子因受到电磁感应影响,可引发电子云分布改变。同时论证说明各磁场因素对该过程的影响,并通过试验进行了验证。分析表明:在磁场水处理技术中,微观电磁感应现象更具有普遍意义,进一步揭示磁场水处理技术的磁场作用机理,为磁场水处理装置的设计与应用提供了依据。     

Protected-Area Monitoring Dilemmas: a New Tool to Assess Success

Abstract:  Understanding factors that influence the success of protected areas in curbing unsustainable resource consumption is essential for determining best management strategies and allocating limited resources to those projects most likely to succeed. I used a law-enforcement and monitoring game-theory model from the political science literature to identify three key variables useful in predicting the success of a protected area: costs of monitoring for rule breakers, benefits of catching a rule breaker, and probability of catching a rule breaker if monitoring. Although assigning exact values for each of these variables was difficult, the variables had a strong predictive capacity even when coded as coarse ordinal values. A model in which such values were used correctly predicted the outcome of 88 of 116 protected areas sampled from the peer-reviewed literature. The model identified a critical zone of common mismatch between protected-area circumstances and management policies. In situations where the costs of monitoring were greater than the product of the probability of catching a rule breaker and the benefit of doing so, conservation was unlikely to succeed. Control of illegal use of protected resources was reported in only 8% of such cases, regardless of strategies to motivate potential users to cooperate with conservation. My model does not prescribe a best management policy for conserving natural resources; rather, it can be used as a tool to help predict whether a proposed management policy will likely succeed in a given situation.     

Hunting for Sustainability in Tropical Secondary Forests

Abstract:  The interaction between land-use change and the sustainability of hunting is poorly understood but is critical for sustaining hunted vertebrate populations and a protein supply for the rural poor. We investigated sustainability of hunting in an Amazonian landscape mosaic, where a small human population had access to large areas of both primary and secondary forest. Harvestable production of mammals and birds was calculated from density estimates. We compared production with offtake from three villages and used catch-per-unit-effort as an independent measure of prey abundance. Most species were hunted unsustainably in primary forest, leading to local depletion of the largest primates and birds. The estimated sustainable supply of wild meat was higher for primary (39 kg · km⁻²· yr⁻¹) than secondary forest (22 kg · km⁻²· yr⁻¹) because four species were absent and three species at low abundance in secondary forests. Production of three disturbance-tolerant mammal species was 3 times higher in secondary than in primary forest, but hunting led to overexploitation of one species. Our data suggest that an average Amazonian smallholder would require ≥3.1 km² of secondary regrowth to ensure a sustainable harvest of forest vertebrates. We conclude that secondary forests can sustainably provide only 2% of the required protein intake of Amazonian smallholders and are unlikely to be sufficient for sustainable hunting in other tropical forest regions.     

建设工程施工安全控制的多层次灰色综合评价

根据建设工程形成的过程,分析了施工安全控制的8个评价指标,应用层次分析法和灰色理论相结合的方法,将定性指标进行量化处理,建立了建设工程施工安全控制的综合评价模型,为科学评价建设单位安全管理状况提供了1种简易、可行、实用的方法.