D301R树脂对铬(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

在pH=2.63的HAc-NaAc体系中,D301R树脂对Cr(Ⅵ)有较好的吸附性。树脂的静态饱和吸附容量为206mg/g。用 5％NH4CI和10％NH3·H2O的混合液能定量洗脱,测得吸附速率常数k298=2.52×10~(-4)/s。吸附过程遵守Freundlich等温式。298K 时测得吸附热力学参数△H=3.33kJ/mol、△G=-6.96kJ/mol、△S=34.5J/(mol·K)。树脂功能基与Cr(Ⅵ)的配位比为1:1。     

国五国六汽车尾气颗粒物的生态毒性分析

随着汽车使用量的增加,汽车尾气的环境污染及毒性效应已引起社会的关注.我国于2016年12月23日发布了《轻型汽车污染物排放限值及测量方法（中国第六阶段）》,现阶段尚未发现国五和国六两类汽车尾气颗粒物的生态毒性及比较的研究报道.该文选取国五与国六两类汽车为研究对象,对两类汽车尾气颗粒物的排放情况及主要的半挥发性有机物（SVOCs）进行分析;选用发光菌为受试生物,研究两类汽车尾气颗粒物对发光菌的毒性效应.结果发现：①单位距离下,国五和国六汽车尾气颗粒物质量分别为（8.81±2.92）和（1.51±0.35）mg·km^-1,表明单位距离下国六汽车尾气颗粒物质量显著低于国五汽车;②在检出的SVOCs中,多环芳烃为国五和国六汽车尾气颗粒物中主要的有机污染物;③国五货车、国五轿车和国六汽车尾气颗粒物对发光菌的EC₅₀分别为42.00、41.99和5.37 mg·L^-1,表明本次的研究车辆中单位质量国六汽车尾气颗粒物的毒性高于国五汽车.研究结果表明国六标准的实施可对我国环境空气质量的改善起到重要支撑作用,下一步还应继续开展国六汽车尾气颗粒物的生态毒理学研究工作.     

氢自养还原菌同步去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)和NO3-

本实验研究了序批式条件下Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-浓度、pH值和H₂含量对于氢自养还原菌同步去除水中Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的性能及微生物群落的影响.结果表明：系统中存在氢气时,正常活性的氢自养还原菌可实现Cr（Ⅵ）的还原;Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度不高于2000 μg/L时,Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的还原速率及氢自养还原菌的活性不会受到Cr（Ⅵ）初始浓度的影响;作为一种优先电子受体,NO₃^-会与Cr（Ⅵ）争夺电子,降低Cr（Ⅵ）的还原速率;氢自养还原菌同步还原Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的最佳pH值为7.0左右,酸性或碱性环境都会抑制Cr（Ⅵ）还原,且NO₂^-会随着pH值的升高逐渐积累;作为电子供体,H₂是还原Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的必要条件,但H₂足量后,过量提供H₂不能提高Cr（Ⅵ）和NO₃^-的还原速率.     

双子型复配增强两性膨润土吸附Cr(VI)的效应

在两性修饰剂十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱（BS）修饰膨润土的基础上,采用双子型阳离子修饰剂乙撑基双十四烷基二甲基氯化铵（EB）对其进行复配修饰,以批处理法研究了不同修饰比例、温度、pH值和离子强度条件下,BS+EB复配修饰膨润土对Cr（VI）的吸附规律和热力学特征,并通过吸附Cr（VI）前后BS+EB复配修饰膨润土的红外光谱和表面电荷探讨了其吸附机制.结果表明,与BS两性修饰膨润土比较,EB复配修饰显著增强了其对Cr（VI）的吸附能力,吸附量增加了2.02~27.25倍,30℃时吸附量呈现BS+150EB（BS和150%比例的EB复配修饰膨润土） > BS+100EB > BS+50EB > BS+25EB > BS > CK（膨润土）的趋势,对Cr（VI）的吸附量随EB修饰比例增加而上升.CK、BS修饰膨润土对Cr（VI）呈现自发、熵增和焓增的特征,而BS+EB复配修饰膨润土对Cr（VI）吸附量随着温度的升高而降低,呈现出增温负效应.随着pH值的升高、离子强度增加,各供试土样对Cr（VI）的吸附量逐渐降低.红外光谱和土壤表面电荷结果证实电荷引力是BS+EB复配修饰土吸附Cr（VI）的主要机制.     

两性与两性复配修饰膨润土增强塿土吸附Cr(VI)的研究

为了证实添加修饰黏土对塿土吸附Cr(VI)的增强作用,分别将2%、5%、8%和10%(质量分数)的200%CEC BS-12(十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱)修饰膨润土(B200B)和100%CEC BS-12+100%CEC DTAB(十二烷基三甲基溴化铵)复配修饰膨润土(B100B/100D)加入到天然塿土,以批处理法研究供试土样对Cr(VI)的等温吸附特征,并对比了p H值、温度和离子强度(I)对Cr(VI)吸附的影响.结果表明:不同B100B/100D塿土(B100B/100D混合塿土)和B200B塿土对Cr(VI)的吸附量分别是CK(塿土)的1.52~4.28和1.99~5.12倍,且等添加比例下B200B塿土对Cr(VI)的吸附量高于B100B/100D塿土.10~30℃范围内,CK、2%B100B/100D和2%B200B塿土对Cr(VI)的吸附呈增温正效应;当修饰土添加比例大于2%时,温度效应由增温正效应向负效应转变.CK对Cr(VI)的吸附量在不同p H值(4~7)处理下差异不显著,而B100B/100D和B200B塿土对Cr(VI)的吸附量均随p H值升高而降低.CK和B100B/100D塿土对Cr(VI)的吸附量均随离子强度(I)的增大而降低,B200B塿土对Cr(VI)的吸附量以I=0.1 mol·L~(-1)时最高,以I=0.5 mol·L~(-1)时最低.B100B/100D和B200B塿土吸附Cr(VI)是自发的物理过程,随修饰土添加比例的增大,吸附表现为焓增、熵减特征.     

Assessment of mobility and bioavailability of contaminants in MSW incineration ash with aquatic and terrestrial bioassays

Incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a waste treatment method which can be sustainable in terms of waste volume reduction as well as a source of renewable energy. In the process fly and bottom ash is generated as a waste material. The ash residue may vary greatly in composition depending on the type of waste incinerated and it can contain elevated levels of harmful contaminants such as heavy metals. In this study, the ecotoxicity of a weathered, untreated incineration bottom ash was characterized as defined by the H14 criterion of the EU Waste Framework Directive by means of an elemental analysis, leaching tests followed by a chemical analysis and a combination of aquatic and solid-phase bioassays. The experiments were conducted to assess the mobility and bioavailability of ash contaminants. A combination of aquatic and terrestrial bioassays was used to determine potentially adverse acute effects of exposure to the solid ash and aqueous ash leachates. The results from the study showed that the bottom ash from a municipal waste incineration plant in mid-Sweden contained levels of metals such as Cu, Pb and Zn, which exceeded the Swedish EPA limit values for inert wastes. The chemical analysis of the ash leachates showed high concentrations of particularly Cr. The leachate concentration of Cr exceeded the limit value for L/S 10 leaching for inert wastes. Filtration of leachates prior to analysis may have underestimated the leachability of complex-forming metals such as Cu and Pb. The germination test of solid ash and ash leachates using T. repens showed a higher inhibition of seedling emergence of seeds exposed to the solid ash than the seeds exposed to ash leachates. This indicated a relatively low mobility of toxicants from the solid ash into the leachates, although some metals exceeded the L/S 10 leaching limit values for inert wastes. The Microtox® toxicity test showed only a very low toxic response to the ash leachate exposure, while the D. magna immobility test showed a moderately high toxic effect of the ash leachates. Overall, the results from this study showed an ecotoxic effect of the solid MSW bottom ash and the corresponding ash leachates. The material may therefore pose an environmental risk if used in construction applications. However, as the testing of the solid ash was rather limited and the ash leachate showed an unusually high leaching of Cr, further assessments are required in order to conclusively characterize the bottom ash studied herein as hazardous according to the H14 criterion.     

含铬(Ⅵ)污水对地下水、土壤污染的研究

通过模拟含铬（Ⅵ）污水的土壤淋滤过程，结合受污染区域土壤垂直含铬分布分析，研究了含铬污水渗漏对地下水、土壤的污染。结果表明：含铬污水在亚粘土、亚砂土、砂土中的平均渗透系数分别为６．０２×１０－６ｃｍ／ｓ、３．８７×１０－４ｃｍ／ｓ、５．３２×１０－４ｃｍ／ｓ。含铬污水排放会在土壤中沉积铬，引起土壤污染，并污染地下水。     

A study of Cr(VI) in ashes from fluidized bed combustion of municipal solid waste: leaching, secondary reactions and the applicability of some speciation methods

The use of the fluidized bed technique for the combustion of municipal solid waste is a rather new concept. This type of combustor produces ash residues with somewhat different properties than the residues generated from the traditional mass burn techniques. Therefore, chemical characterization and the investigation of toxic metals behavior during ash water reactions are necessary for the safe disposal of these residues. In the present work, the total elemental composition, mineralogy and leaching behavior of ashes from the combustion of municipal solid waste in a fluidized bed combustion boiler have been investigated. The cyclone ash and, in particular, the filter ash contained considerable amounts of soluble substances, thus giving leachates with high levels of Cl-, Na+, K+, Ca2 + and Al(IIl). On the other hand, the two ash fractions taken in the boiler, the bottom and hopper ashes, were much more stable with respect to the release of salts and heavy metals. Since Cr(VI) is mobile and toxic its release from combustion residues can pose environmental problem. Even though the total Cr contents were similar in all ashes studied, the bottom ash gave about a thousand times higher levels of Cr(VI) in test leachates than the hopper, cyclone and filter ashes. However, it was found that the leached amount of Cr(VI) from the bottom ash decreased significantly when bottom ash was mixed with the hopper ash. The most probable cause for this decrease is the coupled oxidation of Al(0) to Al(III) and reduction of dissolved Cr(VI) to Cr(III). This finding that the mixing of two ash streams from the same boiler could result in the immobilization of Cr may point at a simple stabilization method. Selective extraction of water soluble, exchangeable and sparingly soluble forms of Cr(VI) was also investigated. Extraction methods were evaluated for their suitability for ash matrixes. It was found that interferences due to the presence of reducing substances in some ash materials may occur.     

酸化污泥回流的生物淋滤技术处理制革污泥

采用回流——即在原始污泥中添加淋滤结束的生物酸化污泥继续进行淋滤的方法,研究了回流比、混合污泥起始pH值、酸化污泥pH值对生物淋滤技术去除制革污泥中重金属铬的影响.结果表明,采用回流的方法能够同步完成原污泥的预酸化和接种,当控制回流后混合污泥的起始pH值在4.00左右时,经过3d的淋滤,污泥的pH值下降到1.95以下,污泥中铬的溶出率达到95%以上.     

烧结烟气选择性催化还原脱硝补热装置的优化

烧结烟气选择性催化还原（SCR）脱硝系统补热烟气与热风掺混的均匀性是保证系统脱硝效率的关键。为提高烟风掺混的均匀性,基于伯努利方程设计了等压热风掺混装置,采用数值模拟的方法对全系统流场分布特性进行了研究。结果表明：等压掺混方式可实现大截面、短距离烟道内烟风的迅速混合;SCR脱硝催化剂入口截面温度和氨氮摩尔比均匀稳定,优化后的温度场温度偏差小于±5 ℃,氨氮摩尔比相对标准偏差小于5%;出口NO_x含量为15~28 mg/Nm³,低于50 mg/Nm³的超低排放技术指标要求。