温度变化对磷在水稻土肥际微域中迁移和转化的影响

以湖北潜江水稻土为研究对象,研究了温度变化对所施磷肥在水稻土肥际微域迁移转化的影响。实验采用室内土柱培养法,将磷酸二氢铵单施或与草酸配施后置于5℃、20℃和35℃的温度条件下,分别培养60 d或120 d后,对水稻土肥际微域内水溶性磷、有效磷及酸溶性磷的含量和分布进行了研究。结果表明：不同形态磷在水稻土肥际微域中的迁移距离均较短,单施磷酸二氢铵在5℃和20℃下肥际微域中不同形态磷迁移距离相近,均为50 mm左右,培养时间延长对迁移距离无显著影响,但在这两种培养温度下配施草酸时随着培养时间的延长,磷的迁移距离有所增加。当温度进一步升高至35℃时,配施草酸与否磷的迁移距离均比中低温条件下迁移距离减小,仅为42.5 mm左右。肥际微域中水溶性磷、有效磷和酸溶性磷含量均随着距施肥点距离的增加而显著降低。随着培养温度的升高,肥际微域水溶性磷和有效磷含量和累积量逐渐减少,但酸溶性磷含量基本呈增加趋势。同一温度下,随培养时间延长,各形态磷含量和累积量也逐渐减少。不同温度下配施草酸均能增加肥际微域内水溶性磷和有效磷的累积量。但是随着温度升高,配施草酸与否施磷后肥际微域水溶性磷和有效磷含量和累积量均有显著下降,表明温度升高施入土壤的磷的有效性下降,配施草酸对于减缓升温对磷的固定没有明显影响,但是同一温度下配施草酸可以增加肥际微域水溶性磷和有效磷的含量和累积量。肥际微域可以作为研究磷肥施入土壤后迁移转化及有效性变化的窗口,但是肥际微域中磷的变化对土体磷植物有效性的影响程度还需要进一步通过小区或大田试验进行研究。     

Trends of chemical speciation profiles of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds emissions in China, 2005–2020

This study estimates the detailed chemical profiles of China＇s anthropogenic volatile organic com- pounds （VOCs） emissions for the period of 2005-2020. The chemical profiles of VOCs for seven activity sectors are calculated, based on which the Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential （POCP） of VOCs for these sectors is evaluated. At the national level, the VOCs species emitted in 2005 include alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, aromatic compounds, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, esters, ethers and halocarbons, accounting for 26.4wt.%, 29.2wt.%, 21.3 wt.%, 4.7 wt.%, 5.4 wt.%, 1.7 wt.%, 2.1 wt.%, 0.7 wt. % and 2.2wt.% of total emissions, respectively. And during 2005-2020, their mass proportions would respec- tively grow or decrease by - 34.7%, -48.6%, 108.5%, 6.9%, -32.7%, 7.3%, 65.3%, 100.5%, and 55.4%. This change would bring about a 13% reduction of POCP for national VOCs emissions in the future. Thus, although the national VOCs emissions are expected to increase by 33% over the whole period, its ozone formation potential is estimated to rise only by 14%. Large discrepancies are found in VOCs speciation emissions among provinces. Compared to western provinces, the eastern provinces with a more developed economy would emit unsaturated hydrocarbons and benzene with lower mix ratios, and aromatic compounds except benzene, oxidized hydrocar- bons and halocarbons with higher mix ratios. Such differences lead to lower POCP of VOCs emitted in eastern provinces, and higher POCP of VOCs emitted in western provinces. However, due to the large VOCs emissions from Chinese eastern region, the ozone forma- tion potential of VOCs emission in eastern provinces would be much higher than those in western provinces by about 156%-235%.     

Simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride from water by AI-Fe （hydr）oxides

A1-Fe （hydr）oxides with different A1/Fe molar ratios （4：1, 1：1, 1：4, 0：1） were prepared using a co- precipitation method and were then employed for simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride. The 4A1 ： Fe was superior to other adsorbents for removal of arsenate and fluoride in the pH range of 5.0-9.0. The adsorption capacity of the A1-Fe （hydr）oxides for arsenate and fluoride at pH 6.50.3 increased with increasing A1 content in the adsorbents. The linear relationship between the amount of OH released from the adsorbent and the amount of arsenate or fluoride adsorbent by 4A1 ： Fe indicated that the adsorption of arsenate and fluoride by A1- Fe （hydr）oxides was realized primarily through quantita- tive ligand exchange. Moreover, there was a very good correlation between the surface hydroxyl group densities of A1-Fe （hydr）oxides and their adsorption capacities for arsenate or fluoride. The highest adsorption capacity for arsenate and fluoride by 4A1 ： Fe is mainly ascribed to its highest surface hydroxyl group density besides its largest pHpzc. The dosage of adsorbent necessary to remove arsenate and fluoride to meet the drinking water standard was mainly determined by the presence of fluoride since fluoride was generally present in groundwater at much higher concentration than arsenate.     

Process control factors for continuous microbial perchlorate reduction in the presence of zero-valent iron

Process control parameters influencing microbial perchlorate reduction via a flow-through zero-valent iron （ZVI） column reactor were investigated in order to optimize perchlorate removal from water. Mixed perchlorate reducers were obtained from a wastewater treatment plant and inoculated into the reactor without further acclimation. Examined parameters included hydraulic residence time （HRT）, pH, nutrients requirement, and perchlorate reduction kinetics. The minimum HRT for the system was concluded to be 8 hr. The removal efficiency of 10 mg. L-1 influent perchlorate concentration was reduced by 20%-80% without control to the neutral pH （HRT = 8 hr）. Therefore pH was determined to be an important parameter for microbial perchlorate reduction. Furthermore, a viable alternative to pH buffer was discussed. The microbial perchlorate reduction followed the first order kinetics, with a rate constant （K） of 0.761 hr-1. The results from this study will contribute to the implementation of a safe, cost effective, and efficient system for perchlorate reduction to below regulated levels.     

人口统计学特征与不安全行为及其意向的关系研究

为分析人口统计学特征与不安全行为意向和不安全行为的关系,收集了7个煤矿的735名一线作业人员有效调查问卷,采用多因变量、多自变量析因方差分析方法,分析了年龄、工龄与经验、工作岗位、婚姻状况、吸烟、饮酒、家庭经济压力等变量与不安全行为意向及不安全行为的关系。结果表明:不同婚姻状况员工在不安全行为表现上有显著差异,有婚史现单身的员工更易发生不安全行为;不同工作岗位、不同饮酒状况和不同经济压力的员工在不安全行为意向上有显著差异。其中开拓掘进岗位员工、经常喝酒并常喝醉员工、承担家庭费用少于1/4的员工,以及不饮酒且承担家庭费用少于1/2的员工,较其他组员工在不安全行为意向方面有显著统计差异     

千秋煤矿2号煤层冲击倾向性判别指标研究

在对现行冲击倾向性指标分析的基础上,综合考虑煤样变形破坏过程中冲击能量效应和时间效应,提出有效冲击能量速度指数这一新的冲击倾向性判定指标。建立了煤样的单轴压缩峰值前塑性变形消耗能量的计算模型,得出了有效冲击能量速度指数的计算方法和判定准则。通过试验、分析和计算,论证了单轴抗压强度和有效冲击能量速度指数作为煤层冲击倾向性判定指标的可行性和可靠性。研究结果表明:以冲击能量指数、弹性能量指数、动态破坏时间、单轴抗压强度和有效冲击能量速度指数五个指标作为千秋煤矿2号煤层冲击倾向性判别指标,可以增强判定结果的可靠性和准确性。     

IEC61508标准指导城市轨道交通设备安全功能指标实施

IEC61508标准提出电气／电子／叮编程电子（E／E／PE）安全相关系统的功能安全,成为了电气／电子／可编程电子（E／E／PE）安全相关系统的功能安全的基本和核心标准。城市轨道交通设备越来越多地采用了电气／电子／可编程电子系统（E／E／PES）,确保这些设备功能安全指标的落实是工程建设,以及运营安全的一个重要组成环节。     

包装印刷业VOCs污染特征分析

选取了北京市的14家大型包装印刷企业进行现场采样、监测,统计分析了生产工艺和原辅材料,识别了VOCs污染来源和排放节点。根据不同排放节点的特征搭建了相应的采样系统,并以此为基础考察了VOCs的排放特征、臭氧生成潜势和二次有机气溶胶(SOA)生成潜势。结果表明:包装印刷业所排放的VOCs以醇类和酯类为主;乙醇和异丙醇为主要的臭氧前体物,生产线和烘干集气系统排气口为主要的臭氧生成节点;烷烃和醇类为主要的SOA前体物,烘干集气系统排气口为首要的SOA生成节点。     

回灌对垃圾填埋初期渗滤液化学需氧量的影响

通过模拟柱实验 ,研究了回灌对垃圾填埋场初期渗滤液 CODCr的影响。研究结果表明 ,模拟降雨雨水的渗入且无渗滤液回灌的参照柱 ,其渗滤液出水 CODCr最高 ,一般在 70 0 0 0 mg/L 左右 ;模拟渗滤液原液回灌 ,从第 4周起因脂肪酸的积累导致渗滤液的 p H低于 6,从而抑制了微生物的生化反应 ;模拟好氧生物处理后渗滤液的回灌 ,能加速垃圾层 CODCr的溶出和甲烷化阶段的建立 ,且此时渗滤液的 CODCr变化规律符合指数方程 ;当垃圾层建立甲烷化阶段后 ,回灌 CODCr在 2 0 0 0 0 m g/L 左右的渗滤液 ,仍可促使垃圾中有机物迅速转化为气态物     

焦作市某电厂粉煤灰堆放场引起岩溶地下水Cr6+污染的初步研究

结合焦作市某粉煤灰堆放场的水文地质情况,根据淋滤液中Cr^6＋离子析出过程,探讨了Cr^6＋离子对岩溶地下水的影响。利用数值模拟方法,进行了粉煤灰淋滤总量的估算,并对堆放场提出有关建议和措施。