粒径和温度对玉米秸秆生物碳吸附锶的耦合影响

以玉米秸秆为原材料,在350℃下采用限氧裂解法制备了4种粒径的生物碳(BC-9.31、BC-20.26、BC-71.07、BC-101.90,数字代表样品的中值径,单位μm),对比研究了15℃、25℃、35℃、45℃下生物碳对锶的吸附行为,旨在阐明生物碳粒径和溶液温度对生物碳吸附锶的耦合影响。结果表明:生物碳粒径和溶液温度对等温吸附曲线的基本特征影响较小,Freundlich模型能较好地拟合吸附过程(R2=0.915~0.997,N=0.513~0.745);生物碳吸附锶是以熵驱动为主的物理吸附过程,熵变ΔS为75.66~99.43 J/(mol·K),焓变ΔH为18.18~25.84 k J/mol;生物碳对锶的吸附性能大体与溶液温度呈正相关,与颗粒粒径呈负相关,同时颗粒粒径与溶液温度存在耦合影响;生物碳粒径越小,锶吸附过程受温度影响越小;温度越高,锶吸附受粒径影响越小。     

车辆非尾气管颗粒物排放特征研究

车辆尾气排放控制技术和排放标准在近年来得到了快速发展,但非尾气管(non-exhaust)排放却很少涉及.非尾气管排放主要包括车辆制动磨损、轮胎磨损、路面磨损和车辆扬尘,本研究调查了北京典型道路车流量和车辆运行速度等参数,应用欧盟非尾气管排放因子分析车辆制动磨损、轮胎磨损和路面磨损PM10排放.结果显示:不同类型道路的...     

Characterization particulate matter from several Chinese cooking dishes and implications in health effects

Cooking fume produced by oil and food at a high temperature releases large amount of fine particulate matter(PM) which have a potential hazard to human health. This chamber study investigated particle emission characteristics originated from using four types of oil(soybean oil, olive oil, peanut oil and lard) and different kinds of food materials(meat and vegetable). The corresponding emission factors(EFs) of number, mass, surface area and volume for particles were discussed. Temporal variation of size-fractionated particle concentration showed that olive oil produced the highest number PM concentration for the entire cooking process. Multiple path particle dosimetry(MPPD) model was performed to predict deposition in the human respiratory tract. Results showed that the pulmonary airway deposition fraction was the largest. It was also found that particles produced from olive oil led to the highest deposition. We strongly recommend minimizing the moisture content of ingredients before cooking and giving priority to the use of peanut oil instead of olive oil to reduce human exposure to PM.     

颗粒物分界层Mie散射激光雷达识别的sigmoid算法

基于成都市2013年6月~2015年5月期间由Mie散射激光雷达探测的大气消光系数廓线资料,发现混合层以上在颗粒物消光和分子消光之间一致存在一个S型的过渡区,利用sigmoid函数对此分布形态进行模拟,通过计算该函数上下曲率最大点所在的高度,据此提出了颗粒物分界层Mie散射激光雷达识别的sigmoid算法.针对该算法模拟效果的分析表明,颗粒物分界层过渡区附近大气消光系数理论廓线和实测廓线保持了高度的相关性,二者在春夏秋冬四季的相关系数（R）分别为0.9971±0.0052、0.9935±0.0167、0.9979±0.0038和0.9990±0.0021（均通过α=0.05的显著性检验）.基于sigmoid算法计算的颗粒物分界层过渡区与成都市温江站探空资料得到的逆温层之间存在很好的对应关系.     

南京江北新区大气颗粒物化学组分的粒径分布特征

为探究南京江北新区大气颗粒物化学组分的污染特征,于2013～2014年进行了分级颗粒物样品的采集,开展了颗粒物化学组分的粒径分布和季节变化研究.结果表明,细粒径段的9种水溶性离子总浓度在秋冬季高于春夏季,而粗粒径段冬季最高.冬季颗粒物中[NO^-₃]/[SO₄^2-]在粗粒径段最低;春、夏和秋季其粒径分布趋势一致.水溶性离子均呈双峰型分布, 4个季节的NO^-₃均在0.65～1.1μm出现峰值;夏秋季细粒径段的SO₄^2-于0.43～0.65μm出现峰值,冬季峰值位置向更粗粒子的方向移动;而Na⁺和Cl^-主要存在于粗粒子中.由阴阳离子电荷当量表明,大气粗、细粒子分别呈碱性和弱碱性.有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)主要存在于细粒径段,均呈双峰型分布;秋冬季细粒径段中的二次有机碳(SOC)远高于春夏季.由比值判断法进一步表明,南京江北新区颗粒物中的碳质组分主要来源于燃煤和生物质燃烧排...     

Fine and ultrafine particle-and gas-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons affecting southern Thailand air quality during transboundary haze and potential health effects

Distribution of PM_0.1,PM₁and PM_2.5particle-and gas-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) during the 2019 normal,partial and strong haze periods at a background location in southern Thailand were investigated to understand the behaviors and carcinogenic risks PM₁was the predominant component,during partial and strong haze periods,accounting for 45.1%and 52.9%of total suspended particulate matter,respectively,while during nor mal period the contribution...     

Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer

The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles ‘parent ions’ and ‘mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77’ of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.     

株洲市工业区大气中SO2转化速率的研究

在湖南省株洲市工业区的下风向布点,同时测定大气中ＳＯ２的浓度、ＴＳＰ和＜０．２５μｍ细粒子中ＳＯ２－４的浓度．结果表明,大气中ＳＯ２浓度随着离污染源距离的增加迅速下降,和ＳＯ２相比,颗粒物中ＳＯ２－４浓度随距离的增加而降低的程度要慢得多．同步测定的ＳＯ２浓度和细粒子ＳＯ２－４浓度有显著的相关关系．根据风向、风速和新产生的细粒子中的ＳＯ２－４浓度及大气中ＳＯ２的浓度计算了株洲教育学院处ＳＯ２的转化速率,春季湿度大,ＳＯ２转化速率也大,为４．８％／ｈ,秋季湿度小,ＳＯ２的转化速率变低,为１．５％／ｈ．春季中路铺ＳＯ２转化速率为３．１％／ｈ．     

黑炭气溶胶质谱仪(SP-AMS)分析春季PM2.5中水溶性有机气溶胶

为探讨常州春季大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)的化学组成及污染特征,于2017年3月1日～5月30日采集了84个有效样品,对其水溶性离子(WSIIs)、碳质组分(OC和EC)等常规组分进行了测定和分析,并采用黑炭-气溶胶质谱仪(SP-AMS)对水溶性有机气溶胶(WSOA)进行了分析.结果表明,采样期间PM_2.5的日均质量浓度为101. 97μg·m^-3,超标(环境空气质量标准二级标准)率达73. 8%,以轻度、中度和重度污染为主,分别占总天数的39. 3%、21. 4%和13. 1%. WSIIs约占PM_2.5的39. 86%,其中二次离子(SO₄^2-、NH₄⁺和NO₃^-)占WSIIs的81. 85%,阴阳离子电荷平衡的线性拟合直线的斜率(AE/CE)大于1(1. 09),表明PM_2.5偏弱酸性. OC/EC比值为2. 53,说明受二次转化的影响. SP...     

不同粒径污泥生物质炭对水体中Zn污染的吸附效应研究

为了探究3种不同粒径的污泥生物质炭(S1:大粒径 0.165 mm;S2:中粒径为0.025～0.165 mm;S3:小粒径0.025 mm)对Zn的吸附效率和固化稳定的机理,以此为污泥生物质炭在水污染控制方面的应用提供科学依据.利用实验室模拟法,研究不同反应时间、溶液初始pH和重金属浓度对生物炭吸附效果的影响,并运用四步萃取法分析生物炭上Zn的吸附形态.结果表明:①生物炭在4 h左右达到吸附平衡,吸附率呈先增加后平缓的趋势,最终吸附量S1S2S3;②溶液初始浓度为0～2 mmol·L~(-1)时Zn~(2+)的吸附量呈线性增长趋势,但随溶液浓度超过2 mmol·L~(-1)时吸附量开始趋于饱和;③3种不同粒径生物炭的水溶性组分Zn分别占总萃取量的1.70%、5.02%和7.47%,可交换态组分分别占25.27%、32.35%和27.29%,酸溶性组分分别占35.06%、38.63%和27.90%,非生物利用组分分别占37.97%、24.00%和37.34%.④污泥生物质炭的动力学吸附特征更符合准二级动力学吸附模型,单位质量的污泥生物质炭粒径越小吸附量越大;⑤污泥生物质炭的等温吸附特征更符合Langmuir模型,小粒径的生物质炭最大吸附量最优;⑥在酸性条件下随着pH的上升污泥生物质炭的吸附率在逐渐增加,碱性条件下吸附率的增加可能是形成锌的络合物沉淀导致的;⑦Zn的吸附形态以酸溶性和非生物利用态为主,水溶性占比较小.污泥生物质炭对Zn的吸附以化学吸附为主,S1吸附的Zn酸溶性组分和非生物利用组分占比最大,吸附效果较为稳定.