中国边缘海柱样沉积物中239+240Pu的分布与时标价值

根据中国边缘海已研究的77根^239+240Pu柱样沉积物,分析了柱样沉积物中^239+240Pu的来源、分布和时标特征.结果表明理论上给出的利用²¹⁰Pb、¹³⁷Cs和^239+240Pu 3种核素进行定年可能出现的26种情况,与实际情况完全吻合.中国边缘海海陆交汇,柱样沉积物中不同来源的^239+240Pu沉积叠加使得近岸海域（尤其是河口区）柱样沉积物中^239+240Pu的峰型轮廓明显.从近岸到远海,受到沉积物来源方式、海水深度、黑潮混合、扩散效应和边界清除效应等综合因素的影响,柱样沉积物中^239+240Pu的分布可能出现双峰（多峰）、单峰和无峰的情况.其中,柱样中^239+240Pu呈现单峰分布时,与全球大气沉降的高峰年1963年相对应,时标价值可靠.不同海洋环境条件下²¹⁰Pb、¹³⁷Cs和^239+240Pu定年的可靠性,应根据具体海洋沉积环境进行分析;海水中¹³⁷Cs和^239+240Pu核素沉积性质的差异,可能导致沉积峰不一致而影响定年的判断.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Modelling the reworking effects of bioturbation on the incorporation of radionuclides into the sediment column: implications for the fate of particle-reactive radionuclides in Irish Sea sediments

A microcosm laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the impact of biological reworking by the ragworm Nereis diversicolor on the redistribution of particle-bound radionuclides deposited at the sediment-water interface. Over the course of the 40-day experiment, as much as 35% of a ¹³⁷Cs-labelled particulate tracer deposited on the sediment surface was redistributed to depths of up to 11 cm by the polychaete. Three different reworking models were employed to model the profiles and quantify the biodiffusion and biotransport coefficients: a gallery-diffuser model, a continuous sub-surface egestion model and a biodiffusion model. Although the biodiffusion coefficients obtained for each model were quite similar, the continuous sub-surface egestion model provided the best fit to the data. The average biodiffusion coefficient, at 1.8 ± 0.9 cm² y⁻¹, is in good agreement with the values quoted by other workers on the bioturbation effects of this polychaete species. The corresponding value for the biotransport coefficient was found to be 0.9 ± 0.4 cm y⁻¹. The effects of non-local mixing were incorporated in a model to describe the temporal evolution of measured ⁹⁹Tc and ⁶⁰Co radionuclide sediment profiles in the eastern Irish Sea, influenced by radioactive waste discharged from the Sellafield reprocessing plant. Reworking conditions in the sediment column were simulated by considering an upper mixed layer, an exponentially decreasing diffusion coefficient, and appropriate biotransport coefficients to account for non-local mixing. The diffusion coefficients calculated from the ⁹⁹Tc and ⁶⁰Co cores were in the range 2-14 cm² y⁻¹, which are consistent with the values found by other workers in the same marine area, while the biotransport coefficients were similar to those obtained for a variety of macrobenthic organisms in controlled laboratories and field studies.     

赤水河流域不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究

本研究采用137Cs法对赤水河流域不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀强度展开调查研究,以期为赤水河流域生态环境保护和实现流域的可持续发展提供基础数据。通过对赤水河中上游地区4种土地利用类型土壤剖面中137Cs含量的测定和分析,结果表明:坡耕地以侵蚀为主,平均坡度在11°~19°之间时,侵蚀模数介于3630~6776 t/(km2·a),其中,习水和叙永研究区坡耕地平均坡度均大于15°,土壤侵蚀强烈,侵蚀模数在6050~6776 t/(km2·a)之间;草地平均侵蚀模数为4235 t/(km2·a);(2)林地有微弱堆积,堆积模数为1331 t/(km2·a);水稻田堆积模数为3872 t/(km2·a)。可见,当平均坡度大于15°时,坡耕地土侵蚀强度较大,因地制宜的采取相应的水保措施是有效遏制水土流失的关键。     

铯对油菜萌发代谢生物学效应初探

研究了油菜(Brassica napus)的萌发特性及幼苗生长对不同质量浓度(80、160、320、640、960 mg.L-1)氯化铯(CsCl)处理的效应。结果显示:ρ(CsCl)为80～960 mg.L-1时,其对油菜发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数的影响差异不显著,但对油菜幼苗根、芽生长具有低促高抑的双重作用,且根的生长比芽对CsCl更为敏感。随着ρ(CsCl)逐渐增加,油菜幼苗脯氨酸和蛋白质含量增加,脱氢酶(DH)活性和过氧化物酶(POD)活性则明显下降,表明较高ρ(CsCl)处理可能造成油菜幼苗一定程度的胁迫,其脯氨酸含量增加可能主要是由于脯氨酸合成加强所致。     

海水中137Cs的富集与分析

应用改进的磷钼酸铵(AMP)富集法吸附、富集海水中的137Cs,并采用γ谱仪进行测量。结果表明,改进磷钼酸铵法最佳的实验条件为:量取20～100 L海水样品,调节pH 1.2～3.3,按每5 L水样50 mg、1 g的比例分别先后加入铯载体和40～60目的磷钼酸铵(AMP),通入30 L/min的气泡搅拌30 min,放置澄清4 h以上(一般放置时间不超过24 h)。用改进磷钼酸铵法取40 L海水样品进行实验时,铯的化学回收率93%～100%,放射性137Cs回收率94%～102%。γ能谱法测定海水中137Cs分析结果和β计数法进行比较,两者在t检验上没有显著性差异,证明γ能谱法测定大体积海水中137Cs的方法是可行的。     

239+240Pu作为湖泊沉积物计年时标:以云南程海为例

在近代沉积作用领域137Cs时标与210Pb计年结合,获得了广泛而有效的应用.然而,137Cs经过两个半衰期的衰变已难于辩识.环境中的Pu核素具有相对较长的半衰期,也随全球大气扩散而散落于地球表面,可望作为沉积计年的时间标志.通过程海沉积物柱芯中239+240Pu比活度、240Pu/239Pu原子比率及校正到沉积年代的...     

无机离子交换材料对废水中铯的吸附研究

用水热合成法合成钛硅酸钠无机离子交换材料,考察了它对Cs的吸附效果。探讨了体系pH值、温度、吸附时间等因素对吸附的影响。实验表明,所合成的钛硅酸钠对Cs的吸附能力较强,在30℃,1mol／L的H^ 环境下对Cs的吸附分配比为6066,饱和吸附量可达1．7420mmol／g。钛硅酸钠吸附Cs的稳定性实验表明,钛硅酸钠的解吸分配比很小,吸附稳定性很好。     

90Sr、137Cs在河流-沉积物体系的吸附规律研究进展

90Sr、134Cs在河流-沉积物体系的吸附规律及分配系数(Kd)是我国内陆核电厂选址和核环境安全管理的重要环节,放射性核素在河流-沉积物体系的吸附规律包括:①放射性核素在河流、沉积物中的浓度分布;②核素在河流-沉积物体系的分配系数;③多种因素对放射性核素在河流.沉积物中吸附规律的影响;④吸附机理、吸附动力学等的有关研究.介绍了国内外90Sr、134Cs在河流-沉积物体系的吸附规律研究进展及发展动态.20世纪80年代,国外已开展了90Sr、134Cs在河流-沉积物中吸附规律研究,20世纪90年代以来,90Sr、134Cs在河流-沉积物中吸附行为研究日益受到关注,研究内容主要集中在:①现场河流、沉积物中核素浓度调查;②现场及实验室Kd值测定;③各种因素对Kd值影响研究.目前,我国拟建内陆核电厂排放核素在河流生态系统的行为研究还未开展,其实验方法学、影响因素研究等仍是空白领域,建议尽快开展这方面的研究,为评估内陆核设施放射性排放对生态系统的影响研究提供科学依据.     

Geochronology of anthropogenic radionuclides in Ribeira Bay sediments, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Ribeira Bay is located approximately 130 km south of the city of Rio de Janeiro and receives discharges of liquid effluent from the Angra dos Reis nuclear power plant (NPP) site, where two pressurized water reactors are located. To test whether the presence of anthropogenic radionuclides in sediments in Ribeira Bay could be correlated to the NPP operations, we sampled seven sediment cores and determined accumulation rates and chronologies. Only one sediment core did not exhibit a superficial mixing layer; this sample was used for dating purposes. Cesium-137 and ²⁰⁷Bi were observed in this sediment profile, but their presence was associated with atmospheric fall-out rather than the nearby NPP. The exponential decay of ²¹⁰Pb concentration with sediment layer depth was verified below a superficial mixing layer for all other sediment cores. Calculated accumulation rates ranged from 1.2 mm y⁻¹ in the inner bay to 6.2 mm y⁻¹ close to its entrance.