GROUND WATER SEEPAGE IN LAKE WASHINGTON AND THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN,FLORIDA1

Direct ground water seepage measurements were made in Lake Washington, Florida, to determine the importance of seepage as a water and chloride source to the lake and upper St. Johns River. Over 200 seepage measurements were made in the lake and adjoining canals from July through December 1978. Results indicated that seepage into the shore areas of Lake Washington was an insignificant water source to the lake, representing 0.6 percent of the inputs, and was nearly balanced by ground water recharge in the midlake region. Drainage canals entering Lake Washington, however, exhibited high average seepage rates (17.7 L/m²-day), over eight times the lake average (2.01 L/M²-day). Discharge from the St. Johns River was the dominant factor in the water budget of Lake Washington and represented approximately 88 percent of the inputs during the study year. Although inputs from the drainage canals represented only 6.6 percent of the St. Johns River annual discharge, these canals represented 20.4 percent of the annual St. Johns River chloride loading and 62.1 percent of the river chloride loading during the five driest months of 1978. Evidence from this study indicates that rising levels of chloride in the river in recent years are largely attributable to ground water seepage in channelized areas, particularly in the headwaters. These chloride inputs assume greater importance during low water/low flow periods.     

氯化铵盐粒导致的铜初期大气腐蚀行为研究

目的研究在氯化铵存在条件下,铜的大气腐蚀行为。方法采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱(EDS)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、滴定法和电化学等方法来确定铜的大气腐蚀过程和腐蚀产物。结果随着暴露时间的延长,铜的腐蚀质量损失变大,平均腐蚀速率变小。在氯化铵存在条件下,铜表面生成了Cu_2O、Cu_2(OH)_3Cl和Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3,其中Cu_2O为主要腐蚀产物,其质量占腐蚀产物总质量的97%以上。结论氯化铵的存在会对铜造成很强的腐蚀,随着暴露时间的延长,铜的腐蚀变得严重,但是暴露后期腐蚀速率将会减缓。     

利用含铝废盐酸制备聚合氯化铝

以某医药企业产生的含铝废盐酸为原料制备了液体聚合氯化铝(PAC)。确定了适宜的有机物去除方法和碱化剂,考察了碱化剂投加量、废盐酸铝离子含量等合成条件对PAC产品指标的影响,并比较了自制PAC和市售PAC对该企业污水站二沉池出水的混凝效果。实验结果表明:采用活性炭吸附法去除废盐酸中有机物,选择固体Ca O作为碱化剂,在活性炭投加量1‰(w)、吸附时间1 h、铝离子含量9.5%(w,以Al_2O_3计)、CaO投加量80 g/L、反应时间24 h的条件下,制备的液体PAC达到行业标准HG/T 2677—2017《工业聚氯化铝》中的Ⅲ类标准;自制PAC对废水COD和SS的去除率均优于市售PAC,不仅可替代其使用,还可外售产生经济效益。     

高岭土制备聚合氯化铝新工艺

介绍了以高岭土为原料，经盐酸预处理后，加水聚合、调整反应液pH，制备液体聚合氯化铝净水剂的新工艺。对所得产品的净水性能和技术指标进行了测定，结果表明，采用该工艺制得的聚合氯化铝产品技术指标符合GB1592－95标准。     

Long-term Changes in Environmental Variables of Traunsee,an Oligotrophic Austrian Lake Impacted by the Salt Industry,and Two Reference Sites Hallstättersee and Attersee

Morphometric, hydrological and basic physico-chemicalcharacteristics of three deep Alpine lakes, Traunsee,Hallstättersee and Attersee as well as their long-termbahaviour are presented. The deep Alpine lakesHallstättersee and Traunsee have been influenced by saltmining and the traditional salt industry for over 100 years. Waste products from these activities, entering the lakes, have mainlyaffected the chemistry of these water bodies, especially bysubstantially increasing the chloride concentrations up to 170 mg L^-1. As a consequence of the increased density, mixing conditions of the lakes were altered. The resulting incomplete mixing led to oxygen depletionin deeper layers. In addition, increased nutrientload from the catchment rised the trophic level in the 70s and 80sof the last century in turn, affecting the oxygen content in thehypolimnion. Finally a situation developed where the risk becamehigh for these lakes to become meromictic induced by humanactivity. In fact, Hallstättersee became facultativelymeromictic. This process was interrupted by increased chlorideinput of more than 30 mg L^-1 due to accidental wash outfrom an upstream salt mine rendering Hallstätterseehomogenous in 1978 to 1980 resulting in complete over-turn. Conditions substantially improved in both lakes after miningpractices were altered and restoration measures againsteutrophication were initiated. Chloride and phosphorusconcentrations declined, while oxygen conditions substantiallyimproved in the following years. Conditions in Traunseesubstantially improved and chloride levels near the sedimentdecreased to less than 140 mg L^-1. The third lakeconsidered here, Attersee, always remained in a near-naturalstate although some signs of increased nutrient levels becamevisible in the late 1970s. Chloride concentrations of around 3 mgL^-1 in this lake can be considered as background levels.Attersee can now serve as a reference site for deep Alpine lakesbecause of its ultra-oligotrophic and pristine nature.     

简易流动注射仪化学发光法测定水环境中的铵态氮

在０．１Ｍ的碱性条件下，ＮＢＳ（Ｎ—溴代丁二酰亚　胺）在荧光素的增敏作用下氧化氯化铵，产生强的化学发光。基于此本文详细研究了其反应　的特性和影响因素，在优化的实验条件下体系对氯化铵的测定范围为１．０×１０－７～１　．５×１０－５ｇ／ｍＬ，检出限为３．６×１０－８ｇ／ｍＬ，对５．０×１０－６ｇ／ｍＬ氯化铵　进行１１次平行测定，其ＲＳＤ为２．８％。将本法用于环境水样中ＮＨ＋４的分析，并与常规的　方法进行对照，获得了满意的结果。     

氯化亚砜生产的环境风险评价

用危险指数法对氯化亚砜生产过程各单元的风险性进行了评价，预测了制备锅爆炸事故的环境影响范围和程度。     

矿山循环水中SO42-的脱除研究

采用吸附法、七铝酸十二钙法、石灰-氯化铝絮凝沉淀法对矿山循环水中高浓度SO24-的脱除进行研究。结果表明:单纯采用吸附法来处理废水,处理后水中的SO24-远不能达到工业用水标准;实验室制备的七铝酸十二钙对SO24-的去除效果不理想,仅为35%,也无法达到工业用水标准;采用石灰-氯化铝絮凝沉淀法处理废水时,当Al3+投加量为420mg/L,pH值为11时,去除率高达90%以上,可使废水中的SO24-质量浓度从1 800 mg/L降至200mg/L以下,完全可循环回用于矿山的选矿和采矿生产。     

NaCl改性沸石对水中氨氮的吸附机制

通过颗粒强度测定、扫描电镜分析（SEM）、X射线能谱分析（EDS）和零电点测定（pHPZC）考察改性前后沸石表面特性的变化,考察pH值、沸石投加量、初始氨氮浓度以及温度对吸附过程的影响,并通过吸附等温式和吸附动力学对吸附机制进行描述.经过NaCl改性后的沸石的颗粒强度明显增大,表面更加粗糙,孔径增大,钠离子通过交换作用进入到沸石内部.pH值为7,沸石投加量为8g/L,温度为35℃时吸附效果最好,平衡吸附量（qe）与氨氮初始浓度呈正相关性.Langmuir等温线比Freundlich等温线更适合描述实验数据,最大饱和吸附量为13.210mg/g.吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型.实验表明NaCl改性沸石能够有效去除水中的氨氮.