珠江八大入海口表层沉积物中DDTs和HCHs残留调查

于2010年8月-2011年5月4次采集珠江八大人海口表层沉积物,采用气相色谱-电子捕获（GC—ECD）法分析沉积物中DDTs（p,P’-DDE、P,P’-DDD、0,P’-DDT、P,P-DDT）和HCHs（α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH）的污染现状。结果显示,珠江8大人海口表层沉积物中DDTs总含量介于1．02—3．08μg·kg-1之间（以干质量计,下同）,平均值为1．91μg·kg-1;HCHs总含量介于0．21—0．41μg·kg-1之间,平均值为0．31μg·kg-1。DDTs平均含量大于HCHs,其中P,P。DDT对污染的贡献最大,含量范围为ND～7．66μg·kg-1,平均值为2．12μg·kg-1。大部分样点伽（α-HCH）／w（γ-HCH）比值小于3,说明研究区α-HCH大都被降解,或者林丹正取代工业HCHs成为珠江口水环境中HCHs输入的主要来源;甜（DDT）／w（DDD＋DDE）比值大于2,表明沉积物中除早期农药残留外,仍然有新的DDTs类农药输入。     

温度和停留时间对DDT污染土壤热脱附效果的影响

采用热处理方法分别对自配DDT及其衍生物(DDTs,包括p,p'-DDT、o,p'-DDT、p,p'-DDD和p,p'-DDE)污染土壤在5个温度(100,200,300,400,500℃),6个停留时间(5,10,20,30,40,50 min)下的DDTs去除率及热处理前后的DDTs残留浓度变化进行了研究。研究结果表明:热脱附对DDTs污染土壤修复效果显著。当温度达到300℃以上时,热脱附技术的优势开始显现。300℃下40 min时的DDTs去除率与400℃及500℃处理10 min时相当,均能达到97%以上。对热处理前后土壤中DDTs的残留浓度进行检测,结果表明:土壤中的主要污染成分p,p'-DDT在200℃以上时大量减少,主要转化为p,p'-DDE。p,p'-DDE在200～300℃时大量生成,400～500℃被去除。根据能耗分析结果得出较佳热处理条件为400℃,10 min。     

污染物浓度与土壤粒径对热脱附修复DDTs污染土壤的影响

采集2种不同性质的土壤(黑土和棕壤)作为供试土壤,自配不同污染浓度(棕壤)和不同粒径(黑土)的DDT及其同系物(即DDTs,包括p,p′-DDT,o,p′-DDT,p,p′-DDD和p,p′-DDE)污染土壤,采用热脱附方法,分别对300 ℃,5个停留时间(10,20,30,40和50 min)下的DDTs总去除率及热处理前后各组分的脱附情况进行研究.结果表明,不同污染水平〔w(DDTs)分别为290.17,498.69和718.69 mg/kg〕的污染土壤中,DDTs的总去除率差异不显著.此外,在整个热处理过程中,污染水平对4种DDT及其同系物在土壤中的去除率也没有显著影响.而土壤粒径(0.25～0.85 mm,0.15～＜0.25 mm,＜0.15 mm)对DDTs的去除率影响显著,粒径越大的土壤越有利于DDTs脱附.单因素方差结果显示,粒径对土壤中p,p′-DDT和p,p′-DDE的脱附和转化有显著影响.      

Optimization of the recovery of plastics for recycling by density media separation cyclones

Material recovery processes are presented as the optimum option for recycling plastic wastes as a means of recovering hydrocarbon resources. There exist a large variety of automated material recovery processes for recycling of such wastes but each with significant limitations. Of these, the separation based on differences in densities is advocated as the optimum process either for producing recycled products or preparing wastes for subsequent recovery processing.Density separation processes based on cyclone type density media separation (DMS) is presented as an important, potential method for increasing plastics recycling process capacities. It is demonstrated to have the capacity to separate a significantly larger range of particle sizes than those presently processed industrially. The mathematical relationship for the prediction of quality of typical LARCODEMS type density media separations by particle size and density as expressed by the Ecart Probable is presented.A proposed device configuration is presented for density media separation to optimize the recovery and purity of both density fractions produced. It is also suggested that to be economically viable, a large scale of operation is required for industrial plastics recycling operations recovering and producing a number of different plastics with a purity to be used as a substitute for virgin material.     

北京市昌平区松针中HCHs 与DDTs 的污染特征

对北京昌平区油松和白皮松松针中的HCHs 和DDTs 的污染状况进行了初步研究.结果表明,昌平松针中HCHs 总量与欧洲20 世纪90 年代基本持平,DDTs 则高于欧洲,HCHs 和DDTs 均低于美国20 世纪80 年代水平,高于喜玛拉雅北坡、意大利山区和加拿大西部山区.昌平松针中HCHs 和DDTs 总量均比20 世纪80 年代北京地区下降了90%以上,表明自1983 年以来,我国禁止生产和使用OCPs,已经取得了明显的效果.常绿树树叶OCPs 污染具有逐年累积、多年富集的特征,其特点为不完全的线性关系,富集速率呈逐年下降的趋势.树叶OCPs 异构体相对组成年际变化明显, α-HCH 显著增加, P, P′-DDT 下降, P, P′-DDE 上升.研究显示,昌平地区近期没有HCHs 工业品的使用, P, P′-DDT 使用大幅度减少,而O, P′-DDT 则有新的输入,三氯杀螨醇的使用很可能是O, P′-DDT 的主要来源.     

太湖流域居民暴露于DDTs的健康风险评价

采用多介质环境数学模型,评价太湖流域居民暴露于DDTs的健康风险,分析风险来源、暴露介质及暴露途径,并结合蒙特卡罗方法分析研究过程中的不确定性. 结果表明,太湖流域居民中男性和女性对环境中DDTs的终身日平均暴露量分别为4.00×10－4～8.28×10－3和3.73×10－4～7.28×10－3 mg/(kg·d). 暴露途径中食物摄取是最主要途径,其次是吸入,皮肤暴露作用很小. 食物中贡献较大的为谷物、鱼类和肉类. 相应的男性和女性的健康风险度分别为0.114×10－6～2.366×10－6 和0.107×10－6～2.081×10－6 a－1,低于可接受健康风险度标准的累积概率分别为80.85%和86.05%.      

胡萝卜中滴滴涕对人体生物有效性影响因素的体外研究

采用基于生理学的体外实验,通过模拟人体胃和小肠的环境,分析了胡萝卜中p,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDD和p,p'-DDE在人体胃肠系统的生物有效性.结果表明,DDTs在小肠环境下的生物有效性大于胃环境,胆汁和胰液对生物有效性有正影响;当胡萝卜的质量恒定时,p,p'-DDE,p,p'-DDD和p,p'-DDT在胃和小肠中的生物有效性不随其浓度的变化而变化,它们在胃和小肠中的生物有效性分别为12.72%,12.71%,11.99%和47.14%,41.16%,46.29%,然而,当p,p'-DDT,p,p'-DDD和p,P'-DDE的量恒定时,其生物有效性随胡萝卜质量的增大而减小,且两者之间呈现对数关系.     

Recent levels of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of the sewer system in Hanoi, Vietnam

The occurrence, temporal trend, sources and toxicity of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides were investigated in sediment samples from the sewer system of Hanoi City, including the rivers Nhue, To Lich, Lu, Set, Kim Nguu and the Yen So Lake. In general, the concentrations of the pollutants followed the order DDTs > PCBs > HCHs (β-HCH) > HCB. However, the pollution pattern was different for the DDTs and PCBs when the sampling locations were individually evaluated. The concentrations of the DDTs, PCBs, HCHs, and HCB ranged from 4.4 to 1100, 1.3 to 384, <0.2 to 36 and <0.2 to 22 ng/g d.w., respectively. These levels are higher than at any other location in Vietnam. Compared to measurements from 1997, the DDTs, PCBs, β-HCH and HCB levels show an increasing trend with DDT/DDE ratios, indicating very recent inputs into the environment although these persistent compounds are banned in Vietnam since 1995.     

Detection of dicofol and related pesticides in human breast milk from China, Korea and Japan

Previously, we demonstrated that the concentrations of DDTs were greater in breast milk collected from Chinese mothers than from Japanese and Korean mothers. To investigate dicofol as a possible source of the DDTs in human breast milk, we collected breast milk samples from 2007 to 2009 in China (Beijing), Korea (Seoul, Busan) and Japan (Sendai, Takarazuka and Takayama). Using these breast milk samples, we quantified the concentrations of dichlorobenzophenone, a pyrolysis product of dicofol (simply referred to as dicofol hereafter), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) using GC-MS. Overall, 12 of 14 pooled breast milk samples from 210 mothers contained detectable levels of dicofol (>0.1 ng g⁻¹ lipid). The geometric mean concentration of dicofol in the Japanese breast milk samples was 0.3 ng g⁻¹ lipid and significantly lower than that in Chinese (9.6 ng g⁻¹ lipid) or Korean breast milk samples (1.9 ng g⁻¹ lipid) (p < 0.05 for each). Furthermore, the ΣDDT levels in breast milk from China were 10-fold higher than those from Korea and Japan. The present results strongly suggest the presence of extensive emission sources of both dicofol and DDTs in China. However, exposure to dicofol cannot explain the large exposure of Chinese mothers to DDTs because of the trace levels of dicofol in the ΣDDTs. In the present study, dicofol was confirmed to be detectable in human breast milk. This is the first report to identify dicofol in human samples.