高负荷人工土层地下渗滤系统处理生活污水中试工程的研究

对传统的地下渗滤系统进行改进,采用多层过渡结构的人工土层来增大对颗粒有机物的接触氧化表面积,同时设置曝气装置保证好氧过程的氧气供应,可以大大提高污水地下处理系统的水力负荷.以中国南方典型的红壤土、河沙和砾石为填充材料,处理广州地化所小区的生活污水,水力负荷达40 cm/d,远大于类似系统.试验结果表明,改进后的系统能创造良好的好氧/厌氧环境,对污染物去除效果良好,COD、BOD5、TN、NH 4-N、TP和SS去除率分别达到了76.7%～89.1%、83.3%～92.5%、50.3%～66.1%、65.2%～79.6%、75.4%～90.1%和77.0%～91.3%,出水主要污染物达到了《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级排放标准或二级排放标准.     

Co-injection of air and steam for the prevention of the downward migration of DNAPLs during steam enhanced extraction: an experimental evaluation of optimum injection ratio predictions

When steam is injected into soil containing a dense volatile non-aqueous phase liquid contaminant, the DNAPL vaporized within the heated soil region condenses and accumulates ahead of the steam condensation front. If enough DNAPL accumulates, gravitational forces can overcome trapping forces allowing the liquid contaminant to flow downward. By injecting air with steam, a portion of the DNAPL vapor remains suspended in equilibrium with the air, decreasing liquid contaminant accumulation ahead of the steam condensation front, and thus reducing the possibility of downward migration. In a previous work, a theoretical model was developed to predict the optimum injection ratio of air to steam that would eliminate accumulation of DNAPL ahead of the temperature front and thus minimize the potential for downward migration. In this work, the theoretical model is summarized, and an experiment is presented in order to evaluate the optimum injection ratio prediction. In the experiment, a two-dimensional water saturated sand pack is contaminated with a known mass of TCE (DNAPL). The system is then remediated by co-injecting air and steam at the predicted optimum injection ratio, calculated based on the average contaminant soil concentration in the sand pack. Results for the co-injection of air and steam are compared to results for the injection of pure steam or pure air. Injection at the predicted optimum injection ratio for a volumetric average NAPL saturation, reduced accumulation of the contaminant ahead of the condensation front by over 90%, as compared to steam injection alone. This indicates that the optimum injection ratio prediction is a valuable tool for limiting the spreading of DNAPL during steam-enhanced extraction. Injection at the optimum injection ratio resulted in earlier recovery of contaminant than for steam injection alone. Co-injection of steam and air is also shown to result in much higher recovery rates than air injection alone.     

污水快速渗滤土地处理研究进展

针对RI系统的污染物去除机制、运行方式、系统恢复以及实践应用等方面的研究进展作一综述。RI技术的应用有着广阔的前景 ,必将促进我国环境保护与生态建设的发展     

Calibration and Verification of SWMM for Low Impact Development

The Storm Water Management Model was used to simulate runoff and nutrient export from a low impact development (LID) watershed and a watershed using traditional runoff controls. Predictions were compared to observed values. Uncalibrated simulations underpredicted weekly runoff volume and average peak flow rates from the multiple subcatchment LID watershed by over 80%; the single subcatchment traditional watershed had better predictions. Saturated hydraulic conductivity, Manning's n for swales, and initial soil moisture deficit were sensitive parameters. After calibration, prediction of total weekly runoff volume for the LID and traditional watersheds improved to within 12 and 5% of observed values, respectively. For the validation period, predicted total weekly runoff volumes for the LID and traditional watersheds were within 6 and 2% of observed values, respectively. Water quality simulation was less successful, Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients >0.5 for both calibration and validation periods were only achieved for prediction of total nitrogen export from the LID watershed. Simulation of a 100‐year, 24‐h storm resulted in a runoff coefficient of 0.46 for the LID watershed and 0.59 for the traditional watershed. Results suggest either calibration is needed to improve predictions for LID watersheds or expanded look‐up tables for Green–Ampt infiltration parameter values that account for compaction of urban soil and antecedent conditions are needed.     

Evaluating Infiltration Requirements for New Development Using Extreme Storm Transposition: A Case Study from Dane County,WI

Changes in land use and extreme rainfall trends can lead to increased flood vulnerability in many parts of the world, especially for urbanized watersheds. This study investigates the performance of existing stormwater management strategies for the Upper Yahara watershed in Dane County, WI to determine whether they are adequate to protect urban and suburban development from an extreme rainfall. Using extreme storm transposition, we model the performance of the stormwater infiltration practices required for new development under current county ordinances. We find during extreme rainfall the volume of post‐development runoff from impervious surfaces from a typical site would increase by over 55% over pre‐development conditions. We recommend the ordinance be strengthened to reduce vulnerability to flooding from future urban expansion and the likely increase in the magnitude and frequency of extreme storms.     

PE微塑料对土壤水分入渗的影响及入渗模型适宜性评价

为探究微塑料对土壤水分入渗过程的影响,通过室内土柱模拟试验,设置5组微塑料添加处理(0,1,2,4,6g/kg),研究了不同微塑料含量对湿润锋运移和累积入渗量的影响,并进一步评价了主要入渗模型在微塑料污染土壤中的适用性.结果表明,湿润锋运移速率随着微塑料含量的增加呈现出先减小后增加的特征,当含量达到T2时(微塑料含量2...     

多层渗滤介质系统去除城市雨水径流有机污染物

以屋顶和机动车路面雨水径流污染物为研究对象,设计了用于去除雨水径流污染物的多层渗滤介质系统,进行污染雨水净化效果的试验研究.结果表明,系统对屋顶和机动车路面雨水径流有机污染物有明显的去除效果,CODMn平均去除率为80%左右,出水浓度小于4mg·L-1,达到了地表水Ⅱ类水质标准;BOD5的去除率达50%以上,出水值达到了地表水Ⅱ类水质标准;同时,系统的净化能力主要发生在垫层及地基土层0.3m以内,污染严重的机动车路面径流在土柱底部也能达到很好的去除效果;"砂砾科"垫层对CODMn和BOD5,的去除效果稍好于"无砂混凝土"垫层.     

几种氨氮吸附剂的对比实验研究

为给人工快速渗滤系统提供可行的填料,研究了煅烧贝壳、沸石、麦饭石、蛭石、中砂和细砂对氨氮的吸附效果。实验采用100 mg／L的氯化铵溶液作为初始溶液,结果表明,6种填料均具有快速吸附,缓慢平衡的吸附特点。经过11 h的吸附,煅烧后的贝壳对于氨氮的吸附量为0．993 mg／g。各个氨氮初始浓度梯次下,沸石的最大吸附量均超过其它5种填料,具有明显的氨氮吸附效果。     

高速公路服务区污水生态土壤处理的基质配比研究

采用清水渗透、污水渗透、静态吸附、动态穿透和给水度等试验,确定了重庆地区高速公路服务区污水生态土壤处理系统中基质配比、水力负荷和湿干比.结果表明,根据选材容易、水力负荷大、除污能力强等原则,推荐重庆地区高速公路服务区污水生态土壤系统中处理层的配比基质为30.67%紫色土、61.33%河沙和8.00%煤渣混合基质,承托层为0.20 m厚的卵石与0.10 m厚的碎石.生态土壤处理系统总高度1.6 m,其中1.00、1.20、1.40、1.60 m处的水力负荷分别为0.344、 0.322、0.307、 0.298 m·d^-1.处理层的淹水时间1 d、落干时间1.5 d,即湿干比为1∶1.5.     

地下渗滤处理村镇生活污水的中试

以红壤土作为填充土壤,在2cm/d的水力负荷下,进行了地下渗滤系统处理村镇生活污水的现场中试.结果表明,地下渗滤系统对COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮有着良好的去除效果,去除率分别达到84.7%、70.0%、98.0%和77.7%,出水COD、氨氮、总磷和总氮的平均浓度分别为11.7mg/L、4.0mg/L、0.04mg/L、4.7mg/L,达到建设部颁发的生活杂用水水质标准对总氮去除机理的分析表明,由硝化/反硝化实现生物脱氮是地下渗滤系统去除总氮的主要途径.在本中试系统中,反硝化效果良好但硝化效果不够理想,改善土壤环境以促进硝化作用是提高总氮去除率的关键.对土壤中氧化还原电位的测定结果表明,土壤内部的还原性质是阻碍硝化反应进行的主要原因.