预压力混凝沉淀除藻工艺中DOC变化规律研究

为了探讨预压力混凝沉淀除藻工艺是否会使藻细胞破裂,导致水中溶解性有机物(DOC)增加,进而优化压力作用方式,得到安全、高效的预压力除藻工艺,实验研究了预压力、预氧化技术处理含藻水时DOC的变化,以及水中相对分子质量分布,并研究了混凝沉淀后藻类、浊度、DOC的去除效果.结果表明,在0.5~0.8 MPa压力作用后,水中DOC没有增加,反而减少,且有机物相对分子质量减小.而高锰酸钾与次氯酸钠预氧化均会导致DOC增加,相对分子质量分布没有明显变化.预压力混凝沉淀后藻类去除率96.23%;DOC去除率29.11%,高于预氧化混凝沉淀工艺10%~30%.     

Dissolved organic carbon from sewage sludge and manure can affect estrogen sorption and mineralization in soils

In this study, effects of sewage sludge and manure borne dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) sorption and mineralization processes were investigated in three agricultural soils. Batch equilibrium techniques and equilibrium dialysis methods were used to determine sorption mechanisms between DOC, estrogens and the soil solid phase. It was found that that the presence of organic waste borne DOC decreased estrogen sorption in soils which seems to be controlled by DOC/estrogen complexes in solution and by exchange processes between organic waste derived and soil borne DOC. Incubation studies performed with ¹⁴C-estrogens showed that DOC addition decreased estrogen mineralization, probably due to reduced bioavailability of estrogens associated with DOC. This increased persistence combined with higher mobility could increase the risk of estrogen transport to ground and surface waters.     

Mechanisms of enhanced mobilisation of trace metals by anionic surfactants in soil

Long-term applications of small concentrations of surfactants in soil via wastewater irrigation or pesticide application may enhance trace metal solubility. Mechanisms by which anionic surfactants (Aerosol 22, SDS and Biopower) affect trace metal solubility were assessed using batch, incubation and column experiments. In batch experiments on seven soils, the concentrations of Cu, Cd, Ni and Zn in the dissolved fraction of soils increased up to 100-fold at the high application rates, but increased less than 1.5-fold below the critical micelle concentration. Dissolved metal concentrations were less than 20% affected by surfactants in long-term incubations (70 days) up to the largest dose of 200 mg C kg⁻¹ soil. Leaching soil columns with A22 (100-1000 mg C L⁻¹) under unsaturated conditions increased trace metal concentrations in the leachates 2-4 fold over the control. Correlation analysis and speciation modelling showed that the increased solubility of metals upon surfactant application was more related to the solubilisation of soil organic matter from soil than to complexation of the metals with the surfactant. Organic matter from soil was solubilised in response to a decrease of solution Ca²⁺ as a result of Ca-surfactant precipitation. At environmentally relevant concentrations, surfactant application is unlikely to have a significant effect on trace metal mobility.     

青海湖流域有色可溶性有机物来源与特征分析

青海湖是我国最大的湖泊,该流域生态系统健康对维系青藏高原生态安全具有重要意义.关于我国青藏高原区内大型湖泊的有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)组成与来源研究甚少,对青海湖流域开展CDOM的来源及特征研究对该湖水质保护及填补空白区的研究具有重要意义.通过两次青海湖流域采样并结合三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析法(EEMs-PARAF...     

西南喀斯特流域土地利用对河流溶解无机碳及其同位素的影响

河流溶解无机碳(DIC)作为流域碳循环的重要部分一直备受关注,其稳定同位素(δ13CDIC)能够反映DIC来源和转化过程,而其受土地利用变化的影响的研究还较为缺乏.为了研究喀斯特河流水体DIC和δ13CDIC的影响因素,在典型喀斯特流域赤水河进行了河水样品采集与分析.赤水河流域上游主要分布碳酸盐岩而下游分布硅酸盐岩,且...     

Factors influencing concentrations of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) and total mercury (TM) in an artificial reservoir

The effects of various factors including turbidity, pH, DOC, temperature, and solar radiation on the concentrations of total mercury (TM) and dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) were investigated in an artificial reservoir in Korea. Episodic total mercury accumulation events occurred during the rainy season as turbidity increased, indicating that the TM concentration was not controlled by direct atmospheric deposition. The DGM concentration in surface water ranged from 3.6 to 160 pg/L, having a maximum in summer and minimum in winter. While in most previous studies DGM was controlled primarily by a photo-reduction process, DGM concentrations tracked the amount of solar radiation only in winter when the water temperature was fairly low in this study. During the other seasons microbial transformation seemed to play an important role in reducing Hg(II) to Hg(0). DGM increased as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration increased (p-value < 0.01) while it increased with a decrease of pH (p-value < 0.01).     

Subtropical urban turfs: Carbon and nitrogen pools and the role of enzyme activity

Urban grasslands not only provide a recreational venue for urban residents, but also sequester organic carbon in vegetation and soils through photosynthesis, and release carbon dioxide through respiration, which largely contribute to carbon storage and fluxes at regional and global scales. We investigated organic carbon and nitrogen pools in subtropical turfs and found that dissolved organic carbon(DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen(DON)were regulated by several factors including microbial activity which is indicated by soil enzymatic activity. We observed a vertical variation and different temporal patterns in both soil DOC, DON and enzyme activities, which decreased significantly with increasing soil depths. We further found that concentration of soil DON was linked with turf age. There were correlations between grass biomass and soil properties, and soil enzyme activities. In particular, soil bulk density was significantly correlated with soil moisture and soil organic carbon(SOC). In addition, DOC correlated significantly with DON. Significant negative correlations were also observed between soil total dissolved nitrogen(TDN) and grass biomass of Axonopus compressus and Zoysia matrella. Specifically, grass biomass was significantly correlated with the soil activity of urease and β-glucosidase. Soil NO3-N concentration also showed negative correlations with the activity of both β-glucosidase and protease but there were no significant correlations between cellulase and soil properties or grass biomass. Our study demonstrated a relationship between soil C and N dynamics and soil enzymes that could be modulated to enhance SOC pools through management and maintenance practices.     

Mercury photoreduction and photooxidation in lakes: Effects of filtration and dissolved organic carbon concentration

Mercury is a globally distributed, environmental contaminant. Quantifying the retention and loss of mercury is integral for predicting mercury-sensitive ecosystems. There is little information on how dissolved organic carbon(DOC) concentrations and particulates affect mercury photoreaction kinetics in freshwater lakes. To address this knowledge gap,samples were collected from ten lakes in Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia(DOC: 2.6–15.4 mg/L). Filtered(0.2 μm) and unfiltered samples were analysed for gross photoreduction, gross photooxidation, and net reduction rates of mercury using pseudo first-order curves. Unfiltered samples had higher concentrations(p = 0.04) of photoreducible divalent mercury(Hg(II)RED)(mean of 754 ± 253 pg/L) than filtered samples(mean of 482 ± 206 pg/L);however, gross photoreduction and photooxidation rate constants were not significantly different in filtered or unfiltered samples in early summer. DOC was not significantly related to gross photoreduction rate constants in filtered(R~2= 0.43; p = 0.08) and unfiltered(R~2= 0.02; p = 0.71) samples; DOC was also not significantly related to gross photooxidation rate constants in filtered or unfiltered samples. However, DOC was significantly negatively related with Hg(Ⅱ)_(RED) in unfiltered(R2= 0.53; p = 0.04), but not in filtered samples(R~2= 0.04;p = 0.60). These trends indicate that DOC is a factor in determining dissolved mercury photoreduction rates and particles partially control available Hg(Ⅱ)_(RED) in lake water. This research also demonstrates that within these lakes gross photoreduction and photooxidation processes are close to being in balance. Changes to catchment inputs of particulate matter and DOC may alter mercury retention in these lakes and could partially explain observed increases of mercury accumulation in biota.     

水体与土壤中天然有机物与铜的络合作用及其影响因素

采用络合滴定方法测定了不同反应条件下水体DOC和土壤WSOC与铜的络合参数。比较了土壤WSOC与FA、HA及与水体DOC络合参数的差异。实验结果表明：pH降低，络合稳定常数下降；滴定浓度范围降低，测定络合条件稳定常数升高；离子强度上升，络合稳定常数相应下降。2个样的WSOC络合稳定常数测定结果分别为4．66和4．64，高于水体DOC；络合容量分别为0．079和0．023mmol(Cu)/mg(C)，低于DOC。考虑到络合位初始浓度与其他因素的影响，WSOC与FA和HA样品的络合能力相差不大。