Differential Sensitivity of a Coccal Green Algal and a Cyanobacterial Species to Dissolved Natural Organic Matter (NOM) (8 pp)

Background

and Aim. In non-eutrophicated freshwaters, humic substances (HS) pose chemical stresses on aquatic organisms and, hence, separating sensitive from less sensitive or even tolerant species. One of the stresses, identified so far, is the reduction of photosynthetic oxygen production and reduction in growth in freshwater macrophytes and algae. In a previous paper, it has been shown that even closely related coccal green algae responded differently upon identical stress by HS, which is consistent with the hypothesis above. Due to their much simpler cellular ultrastructure, cyanobacteria are supposed to be more sensitive to HS exposure than eukaryote should be. One coccal green algal species (Desmodesmus communis) and one cyanobacterium (Chroococcus minutus) were exposed to four natural organic matter (NOM) isolates. One NOM has been isolated from a brown water lake (Schwarzer See) in Brandenburg State; three were obtained from a comprehensive Scandinavian NOM research project and originated from Norway (Birkenes), Finland (Hietajärvi), and Sweden (Svartberget).

Methods

Cultures of D. communis and C. minutus were obtained from the Culture Collection of Algae, Göttingen, and maintained in a common medium. The cultures were non-axenic. The algae and cyanobacteria were exposed under identical conditions to environmentally realistic NOM concentrations. Cell numbers were counted microscopically in Neugebauer cuvettes in triplicates. To avoid limitation by nutrient depletion, the experiments were terminated after 14 to 15 days. Until culture day 12, no growth limitation has been observed in the controls.

Results

All NOM isolates modulated the growth of the algae and cyanobacteria. During the early culture days, there was a slight growth promotion with the coccal green alga and to a much lesser degree with the cyanobacterium. Yet, the major effect were significant reductions in cell yield in both primary producer cultures. C. minutus was much more affected than D. communis. This applies particularly to the three tested Scandinavian NOM isolates, which were effective at concentrations even below 1 mg L-1 DOC.

Discussion

The growth promoting effect may be due to an increase in bioavailability of some trace nutrients in the presence of NOM, the release of some growth promoting substances by microbial or photochemical processing of the NOM, and/or a hormetic effect. The growth reducing effect can be explained as a herbicide-like mode of action that affects the photosystem II most prevalent by blocking the electron transport chain, absorption of electrons, or production of an internal oxidative stress after processing the bioconcentrated HS. Furthermore, it may be postulated that also photo-toxicity of these HS in the algal cells contributes to the overall toxicity; however, experimental evidence is lacking so far.

Conclusions

Upon exposure to HS, cyanobacteria appear to be much more sensitive than coccal green algae and respond in growth reduction. This high sensitivity of cyanobacteria to HS may explain phytoplankton patterns in the field. Eutrophic, humic-rich lakes do not support the cyanobacterial blooms characteristic of eutrophic, but humic-poor lakes. In the humic-rich systems, raphidophytes or, less frequent, specific coccal greens are more common. Obviously, cyanobacteria appear to be unable to make advantage of their accessory pigments (phycocyanin) to exploit the reddish light prevailing in humic-rich lakes.

Recommendation

. At present, no effective structure can be figured out which may be responsible for the adverse effect on the cyanobacterial species. It is reserved to future research whether or not HS may be applied more specifically (for instance, with elevated moieties of the effective structures) as a natural geochemical to combat cyanobacterial blooms.

     

The influence of organic acids in relation to acid deposition in controlling the acidity of soil and stream waters on a seasonal basis

Much uncertainty still exists regarding the relative importance of organic acids in relation to acid deposition in controlling the acidity of soil and surface waters. This paper contributes to this debate by presenting analysis of seasonal variations in atmospheric deposition, soil solution and stream water chemistry for two UK headwater catchments with contrasting soils. Acid neutralising capacity (ANC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and the Na:Cl ratio of soil and stream waters displayed strong seasonal patterns with little seasonal variation observed in soil water pH. These patterns, plus the strong relationships between ANC, Cl and DOC, suggest that cation exchange and seasonal changes in the production of DOC and seasalt deposition are driving a shift in the proportion of acidity attributable to strong acid anions, from atmospheric deposition, during winter to predominantly organic acids in summer.     

Modeling the seasonal autochthonous sources of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in the upper Chesapeake Bay

In this paper we investigate the seasonal autochthonous sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) in the euphotic zone at a station in the upper Chesapeake Bay using a new mass-based ecosystem model. Important features of the model are: (1) carbon and nitrogen are incorporated by means of a set of fixed and varying C:N ratios; (2) dissolved organic matter (DOM) is separated into labile, semi-labile, and refractory pools for both C and N; (3) the production and consumption of DOM is treated in detail; and (4) seasonal observations of light, temperature, nutrients, and surface layer circulation are used to physically force the model. The model reasonably reproduces the mean observed seasonal concentrations of nutrients, DOM, plankton biomass, and chlorophyll a. The results suggest that estuarine DOM production is intricately tied to the biomass concentration, ratio, and productivity of phytoplankton, zooplankton, viruses, and bacteria. During peak spring productivity phytoplankton exudation and zooplankton sloppy feeding are the most important autochthonous sources of DOM. In the summer when productivity peaks again, autochthonous sources of DOM are more diverse and, in addition to phytoplankton exudation, important ones include viral lysis and the decay of detritus. The potential importance of viral decay as a source of bioavailable DOM from within the bulk DOM pool is also discussed. The results also highlight the importance of some poorly constrained processes and parameters. Some potential improvements and remedies are suggested. Sensitivity studies on selected parameters are also reported and discussed.     

Dissolved organic carbon concentrations and fluxes in forest catchments and streams: DOC-3 model

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in south-western Nova Scotia streams, sampled at weekly to biweekly intervals, varied across streams from about 3 to 40 mg L⁻¹, being highest mid-summer to fall, and lowest during winter to spring. A 3-parameter model (DOC-3) was proposed to project daily stream DOC concentrations and fluxes from modelled estimates for daily soil temperature and moisture, year-round, and in relation to basin size and wetness. The parameters of this model refer to (i) a basin-specific DOC release parameter “k_DOC^”, related to the wet- and open-water area percentages per basin, (ii) the lag time “τ” between DOC production and subsequent stream DOC emergence, related to the catchment area above the stream sampling location; and (iii) the activation energy “Ea”, to deal with the temperature effect on DOC production. This model was calibrated with the 1988-2006 DOC concentration data from three streams (Pine Marten, Moosepit Brook, and the Mersey River sampled at or near Kejimkujik National Park, or KNP), and was used to interpret the biweekly 1999-2003 DOC concentrations data (stream, ground and lake water, soil lysimeters) of the Pockwock-Bowater Watershed Project near Halifax, Nova Scotia. The data and the model revealed that the DOC concentrations within the streams were not correlated to the DOC concentrations within the soil- and groundwater, but were predictable based on (i) the hydrologically inferred weather-induced changes in soil moisture and temperature next to each stream, and (ii) the topographically inferred basin area and wet- and open-water area percentages associated with each stream (R² = 0.53; RMSE = 3.5 mg L⁻¹). Model-predicted fluxes accounted 74% of the hydrometrically determined DOC exports at KNP.     

秸秆离田对土壤Cd生物有效性及水稻Cd积累的影响

通过选取湖南省宁乡市某轻度Cd污染稻田开展连续两季水稻秸秆离田田间试验,研究秸秆离田措施对轻度Cd污染稻田土壤Cd有效性及水稻对Cd吸收累积的影响.结果表明：(1)连续两季秸秆离田有效提高了土壤pH值,降低土壤有机质和根际土壤Cd含量;T1～T4处理使土壤pH值提升0.04～0.58个单位,有机质含量降低了0.68%～25.87%,根际土壤Cd含量降低了3.76%～12.78%.(2)连续两季秸秆离田能降低酸可提取态和可氧化态Cd占比,使残渣态Cd占比上升;同时秸秆离田处理降低了根际土壤Cd的生物有效性,使根际土壤TCLP、 DTPA和CaCl₂提取态Cd含量均显著降低.(3)水稻秸秆离田可显著降低土壤孔隙水中DOC和Cd浓度,连续两季秸秆离田处理下(T1～T4)土壤孔隙水中Cd浓度分别降低了4.54%～40.00%和2.75%～67.34%,说明DOC是影响土壤孔隙水中Cd浓度的关键因素之一.(4)连续两季秸秆离田各处理(T1～T4)降低了水稻各部位对Cd的吸收累积,其中秸秆和根系全部离田处理(T4)下,2020年晚稻和2021年早稻糙米Cd含量分别降低了18....     

不同聚合物类型微塑料浸出液的表征及其对生菜种子萌发的影响

土壤中微塑料积累可影响植物种子萌发与生长,但其物质溶出对植物造成的化学风险尚不明确.为探究微塑料浸出液对生菜（Lactuca sativa L.）的毒性效应,以聚酰胺（PA）和聚乙烯（PE）制备的微塑料纤维为对象,考察不同浸提温度（25℃和50℃）下两种微塑料浸出液中可溶性有机碳、氮（DOC和DON）溶出情况及紫外光谱学参数变化,并开展种子发芽试验.结果表明,聚酰胺微塑料PA在浸出液中DOC和DON的溶出量远高于聚乙烯微塑料PE,且DOC和DON浓度随着浸提温度的提高而增加.微塑料的聚合物类型显著影响了浸出液的芳香性、疏水性组分含量及分子量等参数,而浸提温度则无显著性影响.与对照组相比,微塑料浸出液均降低了生菜种子的发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数等指标,而对株高、根长、鲜重和干重等农艺特征指标影响较小.同时,微塑料浸出液造成了部分种子胚根和子叶的发育异常.研究表明微塑料浸出的物质对生菜种子萌发过程具有一定的干扰作用,需着重考虑微塑料对土壤-植物系统产生的化学风险.     

黄河小浪底水库水沙调控对DOC输送的影响

于2011年11月至2012年10月在黄河中游的三门峡、小浪底和花园口3个水文站进行每月1次的周期性采样观测以及在调水调沙期间进行连续采样观测,分析了小浪底水库水沙调控对溶解有机碳(DOC)输送的影响.结果表明,在小浪底水库和三门峡水库正常调度期间,三门峡站、小浪底站和花园口站的DOC含量分别为1.97~2.71 mg·L-1、1.87~2.76 mg·L-1和2.07~2.93 mg·L-1,并且均有明显的季节变化;在调水调沙期间,三门峡站、小浪底站和花园口站的DOC含量分别为2.14~3.32 mg·L-1、2.21~2.84 mg·L-1和2.11~2.84 mg·L-1,并且水库排沙阶段的DOC含量明显高于水库泄水阶段的DOC含量.无论是在水库正常调度期间还是在调水调沙期间,DOC含量与TSS含量及流量均没有表现出显著的相关性,而在水库正常调度期间DOC含量与水温呈现显著的正相关关系.11月~次年3月三门峡站和小浪底站的DOC输送量比较接近,4~7月三门峡的DOC输送量明显低于小浪底站,而8~10月三门峡站的DOC输送量又明显高于小浪底站,表明小浪底水库在8~10月大量拦蓄DOC,而在4~7月又将拦蓄下来的DOC排出水库.三门峡站、小浪底站和花园口站DOC年输送量分别为8.6×1010、9.0×1010和9.7×1010g,其中三门峡站9月DOC输送量最多,约占全年DOC输送量的22.0%,小浪底站6月DOC输送量最多,约占全年DOC输送量的17.6%,花园口站7月DOC输送量最多,约占全年DOC输送量的16.7%.在2012年调水调沙期间小浪底站和花园口站的DOC输送量占全年DOC输送量的比例分别为14.7%和13.8%,而三门峡站DOC输送量仅占全年DOC输送量的3.6%.     

预压力混凝沉淀除藻工艺中DOC变化规律研究

为了探讨预压力混凝沉淀除藻工艺是否会使藻细胞破裂,导致水中溶解性有机物(DOC)增加,进而优化压力作用方式,得到安全、高效的预压力除藻工艺,实验研究了预压力、预氧化技术处理含藻水时DOC的变化,以及水中相对分子质量分布,并研究了混凝沉淀后藻类、浊度、DOC的去除效果.结果表明,在0.5~0.8 MPa压力作用后,水中DOC没有增加,反而减少,且有机物相对分子质量减小.而高锰酸钾与次氯酸钠预氧化均会导致DOC增加,相对分子质量分布没有明显变化.预压力混凝沉淀后藻类去除率96.23%;DOC去除率29.11%,高于预氧化混凝沉淀工艺10%~30%.     

青藏高原冰川区可溶性有机碳含量和来源研究

对青藏高原祁连山老虎沟12号冰川、唐古拉山小冬克玛底冰川及珠穆朗玛峰北坡东绒布冰川雪坑样品中可溶性有机碳(DOC)和主要离子的质量浓度进行了分析.结果表明3个雪坑中DOC的平均质量浓度分别为(250.30±157.10)、(216.92±142.82)和(152.50±56.11)μg·L-1,具有从北到南依次减小的空间分布特点.3个雪坑DOC和主要离子质量浓度比例分析表明,唐古拉山冰川区和珠穆朗玛峰冰川区两个雪坑中DOC质量浓度与主要离子总质量浓度相当(DOC质量浓度占DOC与主要离子总质量浓度的比例分别为51%和49%).相应地,祁连山冰川区雪坑由于地理位置和气候条件等因素,受粉尘影响较大,导致Ca2+的质量浓度最高可达5 299.18μg·L-1,DOC所占比例较低(仅占5%).青藏高原冰川区DOC与Ca2+、Mg2+、K+和SO2-4均呈显著正相关.主成分分析(PCA)表明,青藏高原冰川区雪坑DOC主要是自然来源,也有生物质、化石燃料燃烧和农业生产过程等人为排放的贡献.此外,对3个雪坑的碳沉降通量进行了估算,LHG、TGL和ZF这3个雪坑的碳沉降通量分别为189.23、132.76和128.44 mg·(m2·a)-1,这对该地区碳循环的深入认识和研究具有重要意义,同时也有利于冰川变化的研究.     

利用CDOM吸收系数估算太湖水体表层DOC浓度

溶解有机碳(DOC)是水体中最大的有机碳库,在水体碳循环中起着重要作用.有色溶解有机物(CDOM)是DOC的重要组成部分,其吸光作用改变着水下光场结构,是水色遥感监测的重要因子之一,建立两者的联系为利用遥感技术估算湖泊水体表层DOC浓度提供有效的技术方法.基于2010年5月、2011年1月、2011年3月和2011年5月的太湖4期实验数据(183个采样点),利用CDOM特征波长吸收系数[ag(250)和ag(365)]建立多元线性模型估算太湖水体DOC浓度,同时利用2011年8月29日～9月2日的数据(n=27)对模型进行验证评价,并构建了湖泊水体DOC浓度的遥感反演模式.结果表明,该模型能够有效估算太湖水体的DOC浓度;2011年1月DOC和CDOM的源和汇有较大差异,估算效果较差;其他3期数据的模型估算效果显著(R2=0.64,RMSE=14.31%,n=164),并在201108期数据中得到了验证(R2=0.67,RMSE=10.58%,n=27).模型形式虽具有一定的通用性,但系数在不同的水域中有所差异,模型系数的区域化成为下一步研究的重点.